Cerebral microvascular disease is a clinically common slowly progressive vascular disease of the brain. However, these diseases can also occur acutely, mainly due to a variety of causes that affect the small arteries, capillaries, and small veins in the brain. The main manifestations of acute attacks of cerebral small vessel disease are lacunar cerebral infarction and cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage. Lacunar cerebral infarction is a mild stroke caused by occlusion of small intracranial arteries, and the clinical manifestations are relatively mild, but these patients are prone to recurrence of stroke. In case of cerebral hemorrhage, enlargement of cerebral hematoma can easily occur. In addition to acute cerebral small vessel disease, chronic cerebral small vessels are mainly diagnosed by imaging. Such patients can be completely asymptomatic, but patients with severe cerebral small vessel disease can develop cognitive decline, incontinence, unsteady walking, or emotional disturbances such as depression.