Viral hepatitis B, or hepatitis B for short, is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that infects the body. Hepatitis B virus is a hepatophilic virus that exists mainly in liver cells and damages them, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis. There are two types of viral hepatitis B: acute and chronic. Acute hepatitis B can be self-healing in 90% of adults, while chronic hepatitis B manifests itself differently and is divided into chronic hepatitis B carriers, chronic active hepatitis B, and hepatitis B cirrhosis. The current rate of hepatitis B virus carriers in China is 7.18%, of which about one-third have recurrent liver damage, manifested as active hepatitis B or cirrhosis. With the popularization and application of hepatitis B vaccine, the rate of hepatitis B virus infection in China has been decreasing year by year, and the rate of HBsAg carriage in children under 5 years old is only 0.96%.