Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), based on the overly general diagnosis in the past, is now being diagnosed with increasingly strict criteria in China, but it is believed that there is still an overly broad diagnosis in primary hospitals. In fact, for the diagnosis of encephalopathy, first of all, there should be a clear history of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic disease, including intrauterine distress of the fetus, such as monitoring abnormal fetal heartbeat and abnormal fetal movement; and a history of postnatal asphyxia and hypoxia, including postnatal APGAR score and history of resuscitation. Secondly, the child should have clinical manifestations, such as irritability, shrill or low cry, pale skin, abnormal reflexes or convulsions, etc. Furthermore, it should be combined with auxiliary examinations, such as cord blood or early postnatal arterial blood gas analysis, electrolytes, liver and kidney function, cardiac enzymology, cranial imaging (CT, MRI, ultrasound), etc. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy should also be differentiated from some diseases, such as congenital inherited metabolic diseases. Treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: symptomatic supportive therapy is the main treatment, such as stopping fright, controlling cerebral edema, maintaining normal blood pressure, blood sugar and blood electrolytes, etc. There is no special treatment for encephalopathy. The long-term recovery of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy depends on the severity of the child’s hypoxia-ischemia at that time, and these children need long-term monitoring of growth and development, and timely rehabilitation if there are problems.