9.What is hypertension? When blood pressure exceeds 140/90mmHg it is called hypertension. 10.How to diagnose hypertension correctly? In daily life, blood pressure is to fluctuate normally. In winter, blood pressure after exercise is going to be higher than in summer, when it is quiet, so it requires at least three times of results under different time, quiet and correct measurement method to be diagnosed. Lin Yan, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Renji Hospital 11.What is the definition and classification of blood pressure level? Category Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) Normal blood pressure = 110 Simple systolic hypertension >= 140 50%; Ú More comorbidities. 15.What is the profile of hypertension and stroke in Shanghai? Shanghai is an aging society and the incidence of new strokes is currently estimated to be about 25,000 per year, with an increasing trend. It is already the number one cause of death and disability in Shanghai. The current treatment situation of hypertension in Shanghai population is not optimistic, only 31% of the population can reach the treatment goal.16.How to treat hypertension?Ú Objective: to lower blood pressure and prevent complications.Ú Principle: lifelong treatment, doctor-patient cooperation and rational use of drugs are generally required.Ú Methods: non-pharmacological treatment; pharmacological treatment.17.Which patients are suitable for non-pharmacological treatment?Ú Suitable for patients with all types of hypertension, especially Ú Non-pharmacological treatment is divided into diet control, weight control and behavioral therapy. Ú Non-pharmacological treatment in combination with pharmacological treatment is more effective! 18.What are the points to note about dietary control?Ú Generally, a moderate to low salt intake is appropriate. At present, the average per capita salt intake in China is 10-15 g/day, while the ideal is 3-6 g/day. Ú Regular consumption of the following foods is beneficial to patients with hypertension: celery, spinach, cabbage, dates, mushrooms, yams, peanuts, tomatoes, etc. Ú Drink alcohol in moderation in small amounts. Ú Supplementation of trace elements, potassium, calcium, magnesium is beneficial to blood pressure control. Ú Avoid overeating and advocate small and frequent meals. Ú Avoid drinking Ú Avoid drinking black tea, strong tea and coffee, and drink green tea. Ú Unsuitable food: animal offal, salt-pickled products, etc. 19.What is the role of weight control in reducing blood pressure? Ú The prevalence of hypertension in obese people is 26 times that of standard weight people suffering from hypertension, and the increase in systolic blood pressure in obese people is the main cause of hypertension. Ú Mildly elevated blood pressure can be achieved by simply reducing weight. For moderate or severe elevation, taking antihypertensive drugs and then reducing weight will help control blood pressure.Ú For details of specific measures, see the chapter on hypertension.Ú What exercises are suitable for hypertensive patients?Ú Hypertensive patients should choose exercise programs that are not too heavy, light and slow.Ú Suitable things to do: jogging, playing ball, swimming, playing tai chi and other exercise programs.Ú 21. Why is it important to quit smoking? Ú Smoking one cigarette can increase systolic blood pressure by 10-25 mmHg and heart rate by 5-20 beats per minute, and can damage blood vessels and promote atherosclerosis.22.How does behavioral therapy work?Ú Behavioral therapy can be used as an adjunct for the treatment of primary hypertension.Ú Qigong, yoga: long-term qigong can lead to better blood pressure control, reduce Ú Sit quietly in a comfortable position, close your eyes, and try to relax the muscles of the whole body, starting from the feet and gradually moving up to the face, so that the muscles are in the maximum relaxed position. 23.What drugs are available for hypertension treatment? Ú Diuretics: Shoubisan, tachyphylaxis, and so on Ú Beta-blockers: Betalactam, etc. Ú Calcium channel blockers: Loxodren, Anecdotalin, Boydin, Cardiac pain, etc. Ú Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI): Yashida, Ipinsu, Lortensin, Geberit, Kepone, etc. Ú α1 receptor blockers Ú Angiotensin receptor antagonists: Coxswain 24. What are the instructions for the use of antihypertensive drugs? ～Ú Primary hypertension is a chronic disease with no cure and requires lifelong medication, so do not stop taking medication because you “don’t feel sick” or “your blood pressure is under control”! 25. What are the principles of choosing antihypertensive drugs? Ú Follow the doctor’s advice, and individualize your choice according to your other co-morbidities and your adaptability and sensitivity to different drugs. Ú Choose long-acting drugs as much as possible: they are easy to take and keep your blood pressure stable. What should be the adverse effects of the major antihypertensive drugs?Ú Shubixan: hypokalemia (numbness in hands and feet, etc.)Ú Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI): cough, rash, dizziness, edemaÚ Corsoa: dizziness, headache, diarrheaÚ Compound antihypertensive tablets (colistin): depression, drowsiness, anxietyÚ Beta-blockers: panic, induced asthma, abdominal painÚ Calcium channel blockers: lower limb edema Ú Good accuracy, avoiding white coat hypertension (some patients’ blood pressure will rise when they see their doctor to measure it) Ú Good repeatability Ú Relative understanding of the dynamic changes in blood pressure, providing a basis for drug adjustment 28. what to pay attention to in self-testing blood pressure Ú Matters to be noted in self-testing blood pressure: 1. quiet environment, rest first for 10 -15 minutes. The blood pressure of the right upper extremity in a sitting position prevails. The blood pressure is low in the morning and high in the evening and after a full meal or labor. 2.Wear loose clothing. 3.Take blood pressure at the same time every day. 4.Take several measurements and keep records, especially when adjusting medication. 5.Avoid taking too many measurements at the same time. It is best to be able to measure the blood pressure before taking the medication to understand the length of time the medication lasts.Ú Use only calibrated sphygmomanometers. If the correct use of the mercury sphygmomanometer cannot be guaranteed, a semi-automatic sphygmomanometer can be used.Ú Precautions: 1. Normal blood pressure is volatile, there is no need to worry about such fluctuations, excessive worry can cause blood pressure to rise. 2, do not reduce or stop your own medication because your self-test blood pressure is normal.