Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is an obstruction of the gastric outlet caused by hypertrophy of the pyloric annulus muscle and is a very common disease in infancy. The typical clinical manifestations: vomiting mostly occurs in the first 2-4 weeks after birth, and the vomit is mostly milk or milk lumps without bile-like components, which can be ejected from the nose during violent vomiting. Gastric and peristaltic waves can be seen in the abdominal wall, and olive-like masses can be palpated in the pyloric region in 70% of children. The water-electrolyte disturbance, characterized by low potassium, low chloride and metabolic alkalosis, is often caused by violent vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal radiography shows a dilated stomach with a narrow pyloric canal – a “thread-like” or “beak-like” change. The diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasonography with a pyloric muscle thickness of ≥4 mm and a pyloric duct length of ≥16 mm. Since 1991, when Alain applied laparoscopy to perform pyloromyotomy, minimally invasive techniques have been commonly used at home and abroad, which not only reduce the chance of wound infection, but also shorten the hospital stay because of the ability to eat within a few hours after surgery, and improve the long-term quality of life and get good cosmetic results with good prognosis and few complications. With the application of single-port laparoscopic technology, surgical treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has further achieved the effect of no surgical scar. With the continuous improvement of imaging applications and laboratory tests, most children with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis have been diagnosed early and treated promptly, and the number of combined dehydration and electrolyte imbalance has been significantly reduced, thus shortening the preoperative adjustment time and postoperative hospital stay, especially in some cases with atypical clinical manifestations. Overall, the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has reached a high level in the field of pediatric surgery at home and abroad.