Ulcerative proctitis is a common digestive disease in which ulcerative lesions mainly involve the rectum. The cause of ulcerative proctitis is not well understood clinically, but may be related to genetics, genetic mutations, environment, and immune regulation disorders. The main clinical manifestations of ulcerative proctitis are persistent or recurrent episodes of diarrhea, mucopurulent stools with abdominal pain, shortness of breath, and various degrees of systemic symptoms. There may be extra-intestinal manifestations such as skin, joint, eye, mouth and liver and bile, skin mucosal manifestations (such as oral ulcers, erythema nodosum and gangrenous pyoderma), joint damage (such as peripheral arthritis and spinal arthritis), eye lesions (such as iritis and sclerositis), and liver and biliary diseases (such as fatty liver and primary sclerosing cholangitis). At present, the examination of patients with ulcerative proctitis is mainly performed by colonoscopy, and patients often have multiple erosions or ulcers, bleeding and other lesions in the rectal area in a continuous and diffuse distribution. For ulcerative proctitis patients treatment is mainly through symptomatic support and medication, generally if the effect of medication is not obvious or the patient’s symptoms are more serious, surgical treatment can be considered. In conclusion, ulcerative proctitis is a gastrointestinal disease that involves the patient’s rectum, the cause of which is not yet clear.