1.Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by a variety of reasons It is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, accompanied by insufficient insulin secretion or ＼ and role disorders, resulting in disorders of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, which can eventually cause chronic damage and dysfunction of multiple organs. Its main clinical manifestations are three more and one less, i.e., more water, more urine, more food, and less body mass. In addition to metabolic disorders, if diabetes is not satisfactorily treated and blood glucose control is not ideal, it can also be complicated by cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal, ocular and neuropathy, and these complications are much greater than the direct danger of diabetes itself. If diabetes can be treated in time and the disease can be controlled, patients can live, work and study like normal people. Diabetes should be prevented and treated early. Modern diabetes treatment measures include five horses: diabetes education, reasonable diet, appropriate exercise, medication, and blood glucose monitoring. Among them, diet therapy is the most economical and effective treatment for diabetes. A reasonable diet structure can bring blood glucose to the standard quickly, and its effect can be said to be immediate. Today we are learning together how to achieve a reasonable diet. 2, the principles of reasonable diet Commonly known as the four basic principles, including a balanced, three balance: a balanced diet, the intake of all the nutrients needed; taking into account the control of blood sugar, blood pressure, blood lipids, body mass, etc.; taking into account the prevention and treatment of complications; taking into account personal dietary preferences and habits. 3, a reasonable diet structure carbohydrates account for 50% to 60% of the body’s energy supply. Including cereals and potatoes, fruits and vegetables. These are the most economical and main source of energy for human beings. Provide energy to brain tissue, skeletal muscle and heart muscle activity. Each gram can produce 4 kcal. Protein accounts for 15% to 20% of the supplied energy and is abundant in fish, meat, eggs, milk and beans, which are the material basis of life and the organism. When there are enough carbohydrates and fats, proteins are not used for heat production. Protein plays a major role in the growth and development of the body and in the repair of tissues and renewal of cells. It can produce 4 kcal per gram. Fats account for 25-30% of supplied energy and include vegetable oils, animal fats, and dried fruits. Most neglected and consumed in excess. It can produce 9 kcal per gram. Minerals, also known as trace elements, account for about 0.1 percent of body mass. For example, zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus maintain normal physiological functions of the body. Zinc comes from animal foods and from the bran of cereals. Magnesium comes from peanuts, meat, eggs, calcium in milk and eggs among the higher content. Vitamins, including the B vitamins, vitamin c, vitamin E have an important nutritional role in the nervous system, and are high in fruits and vegetables. Dietary fiber, also known as multi-digest diet, has a lowering of sugar, lipid, laxative and detoxifying effects. The human body needs a daily intake of fiber 27-40 g, mainly from coarse grains, vegetables and algae among the intake. 4, diet prescription Half a pound of staple food, 20-30 g of oil, one pound of vegetables, 2-3 taels of meat, fish and shrimp, 2 taels of tofu, one egg, half a pound of milk, 5 g of salt, avoid eating dried fruits. Additional meals: 200-300 g of fruits or tomatoes, cucumbers, radishes, etc., advocate eating less and more meals, additional meals at regular intervals, quantitative and qualitative: regular: the time of additional meals in the middle of two meals; quantitative: the calories of additional meals; qualitative: the types of additional meals. 5, food affecting blood sugar (1) food affecting blood sugar rise where, soft, rotten, sticky, easily absorbed food, for example: porridge: large and small rice porridge, corn, eight porridge; pasta: noodles, noodle soup, chaos, buns and dumplings, instant noodles, etc.; fried food: fritters, oil cakes, sesame, snacks, etc.; soup: chicken soup, pork ribs soup, steamed bun soup; vegetables: bean pod vegetables, mao beans, peas, broad beans, etc. Vegetables with high sugar content: carrot, onion, pumpkin; vegetables with high starch content: potato, yam, lotus root, groundnut; fruits: banana, lychee, cinnamon, date, grape, cantaloupe, persimmon, etc. (2) Foods that affect the rise of blood sugar less where dry, hard, low in calories and not easily absorbed. Staple foods: rice, steamed buns, large cakes, nests, dry bread. Vegetables: green vegetables with leaves. Fruits: apples, peaches, oranges, watermelon, pears, strawberries, etc. 6. Simple diet exchange method One or two rice = one bowl of thin rice = one bowl of noodles = one bowl of rice flour = two slices of bread = 6 soda crackers. Vegetable oil (one teaspoon) 10 g = 18 peanuts = 50 melon seeds = 5 almonds = 10 pistachios = two walnuts. One tael of lean meat = one egg = one and a half slices of fish and shrimp. Tofu 100 g = two slices of dried five-spice tofu = 240 ml of soy milk = 250 ml of milk = 125 g of yogurt. fruits: apples, pears, peaches, oranges 200 g = 500 g of watermelon. 7, the effect of alcohol on diabetes Beer and liquor are high-calorie beverages, which have a negative impact on sugar metabolism: drinking alcohol when nutrition is good can raise blood sugar; bad nutrition or hunger can lower blood sugar; it can make the pancreas congested and edematous, thus affecting the secretion of insulin; drinking a lot of alcohol can increase the burden of liver detoxification and damage liver function; most importantly, drinking alcohol can weaken the efficacy of hypoglycemic drugs; drinking alcohol can inhibit the excretion of uric acid The most important thing is that drinking alcohol can reduce the efficacy of hypoglycemic drugs; drinking alcohol can inhibit the excretion of uric acid and make the blood uric acid rise, inducing gout. 8, the impact of smoking on diabetes increase blood sugar, blood pressure, worsening diabetes; promote coronary heart disease, inducing angina pectoris, myocardial infarction; promote arteriosclerosis in patients with diabetes; promote the occurrence and development of macrovascular and microvascular complications; aggravate the damage to the body’s tissues. 9, diabetes during illness diet such as cold, fever, indigestion, etc., should follow the following methods: eat less and more meals; eat appropriate soft food, such as porridge, noodle soup type; light, small amount, appropriate to eat some green vegetables; drink more plain water; pay attention to rest, suspend exercise. 10, diabetic gout diet Elevated uric acid in the blood is called hyperuricemia, which can induce gout. Rest in bed, drink a lot of water, more than 2000 ml per day, limit the purine content of things, less than 250 g per day, such as animal offal, seafood (shellfish, sardines, eel); dried fruits (peanuts, cashew nuts); protein (beans, yogurt, beef, turtle); mushrooms (fungus, mushrooms), vegetables (lentils, sardines, spinach). Avoid alcohol: alcohol can inhibit the excretion of uric acid and make uric acid rise. 11, diabetes lipid metabolism abnormal diet urinary disease lipid metabolism abnormal diet: noodle soup type, melon, stool noodles, etc. Diet regulation and exercise are the basis for the treatment of abnormal lipid metabolism. Diet regulation: control total calories and reduce fat intake; increase dietary fiber, 20~35 g per Et intake; control cholesterol intake, <200 g per day; control alcohol and salt intake. 12, diabetic nephropathy diet Protein intake 0.6-0.8 g per kg body mass per day, <4 g per day, of which high quality protein >20%. Mainly milk, eggs, fish, lean pork, beef and mutton. Limit salt intake to less than 2 g per day. increase carbohydrate intake appropriately under the premise of strict blood sugar control. Replace some of the flour and rice with starch, and use yams, potatoes, taro, etc. for additional meals. 13.Diabetes diet life knowledge What should I do if I still feel unbearable hunger even if I eat on time? Many patients often give up their diets because they feel unbearable hunger after eating. First of all, it should be clearly understood that hunger is originally a symptom of diabetes, and after treatment, the condition has improved and the hunger is reduced; at the beginning of dietary treatment, the amount of food is significantly reduced compared with the original, and the gastrointestinal tract may not adapt, but the hunger will be slowly reduced after a few days of adaptation; if you still feel hungry, the following measures will be helpful: A. Eat more low-calorie, high-volume foods, such as A. Eat more low-calorie, high-volume foods, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.; B. Eat less and more meals (split meals): even out a small portion of the main meal, as an additional meal, additional meals can be low-calorie vegetables, half two staples or an egg, a glass of milk (150 m1), etc.; C. Choose coarse grains instead of fine grains, can produce a stronger sense of satiety; D will taste lighter, slow down the speed of eating, really chew slowly, but also D. Make the taste lighter, slow down the speed of eating, and really chew slowly, which can also suppress the over-exuberant appetite. In short, the dietary treatment of diabetes is to choose the food according to the need, that is, how much you can bear, how much you need, how much you eat, such as excessive calorie intake but blood sugar and blood fat is not high, it means that you can digest, absorb and reuse, transform into energy and digest it, otherwise you should reduce the intake, so as to achieve the balance of in and out. This is the basic measure of diabetes treatment, is the basis of the overall standard.