Cervical lymph nodes are important immune organs in the human body. Due to their superficial location, enlargement is easy to be detected at an early stage, and can be one of the more common clinical diseases as well as one of the signs of a certain disease. Infection, tuberculosis, lymphoma and cancer metastasis can all cause cervical lymph node enlargement, and its qualitative diagnosis is clinically important in determining the treatment plan. Chronic cervical lymphadenitis is often manifested as painless or slightly painful lumps, medium texture, clear boundaries, activity, patients may have a history of oral infection or pharyngeal infection, postoperative such patients need to be combined with the clinical symptoms of detailed head and neck specialist examination, the cervical lymph node reactive hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia patients because it may be the first symptom of certain diseases pre-pathological lesions, it should be followed up regularly for observation. In recent years, the global trend of tuberculosis is on the rise. Cervical lymph node tuberculosis is the most common among extracorporeal lymphatic tuberculosis, and its incidence rate has increased in recent years, accounting for about 81% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which can be caused by simple local Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, or it can be the local manifestation of systemic tuberculosis, and the infection can be caused by the dispersion of pulmonary tuberculosis or tuberculosis infection foci in the oral pharynx and throat, and in recent years, cervical lymph node tuberculosis has become a common disease of neck, and the patients have no tuberculosis history, and there is no tuberculosis toxicity symptoms in early stage. Most of the patients have no history of tuberculosis, and there are no symptoms of tuberculosis poisoning in the early stage, and they often consult the doctor with painless lumps in the neck. Moreover, there are more and more patients with atypical performance, the lymph nodes can be big or small, the big one is more than 6cm, and the small one can be less than 2cm; they can be single or multiple; they can be movable or adherent; they can be hard, but a few of them can be soft, and after softening, the center of lymph nodes can be seen as patchy low-density shadow in the CT scan, which is often easy to be misdiagnosed, and there is still a controversy about the treatment of cervical lymph node tuberculosis, but the surgical treatment of lymph node tuberculosis is still of great importance. However, surgical management of lymph node tuberculosis is still important, and regular anti-tuberculosis treatment should be carried out for these patients after surgery. Since malignant tumors of head and neck, chest and abdomen can be metastasized to cervical lymph nodes, metastatic cancer can be found in cervical region while primary cancer can be found all over the body, and this kind of enlarged lymph nodes does not have specific manifestations, so the histopathological examination of lymph nodes is the only means to confirm the diagnosis of metastatic cancer in lymph nodes, especially immunohistochemistry, which can be used to accurately determine the histological type of metastatic cancer and differentiate the metastasis from lymphoma and mesenchymal sarcoma, and guide the clinical practice. In particular, immunohistochemistry can more accurately determine the histological type of metastatic cancer, differentiate it from lymphoma and mesenchymal tissue sarcoma, and guide the clinic to find out the primary foci through further examination. For its treatment, it is recently believed that reasonable treatment should be chosen according to the site of metastatic foci, the stage of lymph node enlargement, and the type of pathology, which mainly includes radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and the combination of two or three of them. Malignant lymphoma can occur in various tissues and organs of the whole body, but most of them originate from lymphatic tissues or lymph nodes, especially the cervical lymph nodes. Malignant lymphoma can be divided into intranodal and extranodal types, and those occurring in the neck are mostly intranodal. The enlarged lymph nodes can be movable in the early stage, with normal skin surface, solid and elastic texture, fullness, no pressure pain, and different sizes, and later can be fused with each other to form a mass and lose mobility, which can often be misdiagnosed as lymphatic tuberculosis or chronic lymphadenitis, and the bone marrow image of the patients in the early stage is often without any abnormality, and the resection biopsy of the cervical lymph nodes of this kind of patients at the early stage is especially necessary. There are also some rare diseases in the neck, such as cat-scratch disease (CSD), and the diagnostic criteria are: enlarged lymph nodes; a history of cat contact or scratching; cat-scratch disease Barton’s antigen skin test ( + ); and typical histopathologic changes. The diagnosis is established if three of the above four items are present. In recent years, with the improvement of people’s living standards, more and more people keep pets such as cats and dogs, the incidence of cat scratch disease has increased, and clinicians should be alert to this. Nodular disease is a chronic granulomatous lesion occurring in multiple systems and tissues throughout the body, and it is generally believed that disorders of cellular immunity and humoral immunity are the pathogenesis of the disease, and those that occur singly in the neck are often not accompanied by manifestations of systemic and organ manifestations, and there are some manifestations similar to tuberculosis, which makes it easy to be misdiagnosed in clinic, so when the clinical course of painless neck swelling is difficult to confirm the diagnosis, the possibility of lymph node nodal disease should be considered. The possibility of nodal disease. The prognosis is better after simple surgical resection of a solitary case. To summarize, the etiology of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck is complex, clinicians should ask for a detailed history and careful physical examination according to the clinical features of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, and perform a biopsy of lymph nodes for those who are difficult to be diagnosed by auxiliary examinations, in order to make a clear diagnosis and guide the clinical treatment.