Neonatal asphyxia is the failure to establish regular respiration after delivery due to prenatal, intrapartum, or postnatal causes of fetal hypoxia or failure to establish regular respiration, with hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and acidosis as the main pathophysiological changes. Neonatal asphyxia is an important cause of neonatal death and childhood disability. The essence of neonatal asphyxia is hypoxia, and any factor that affects the exchange of placenta and waste gases can lead to asphyxia, mostly occurring after the onset of labor. Neonatal asphyxia is classified into mild and severe asphyxia. After delivery, the fetus has pale skin and purple skin, superficial or irregular breathing, regular and strong heartbeat, heart rate of 80 to 120 beats per minute, responsive to external stimuli, good muscle tone and laryngeal reflex is mild asphyxia with Apgar score of 4 to 7; after delivery, the fetus has pale skin, dark purple lips, no breathing or only wheezing-like weak breathing, irregular heartbeat, heart rate less than 80 beats per minute and weak heartbeat. The Apgar score is 0-3 for severe asphyxia. To prevent the occurrence of neonatal asphyxia, we should strengthen perinatal health care, deal with high-risk pregnancies in a timely manner, closely monitor the condition of pregnant women in labor, avoid difficult deliveries, and strengthen fetal monitoring to avoid intrauterine hypoxia. Once neonatal asphyxia occurs, neonatal resuscitation should be performed by obstetricians and pediatricians in collaboration.