Urine is a basic indicator of the health status of the body. The items on a routine urine laboratory test may vary from hospital to hospital depending on the instrumentation, and broadly include urine color, clarity, pH, specific gravity, presence of protein and sugar, and urine sediment analysis. We select the main items to be introduced. 1, urine pH (pH): reflect the acid-base balance in the body and the regulatory function of the kidneys. Normal fresh urine is mostly weakly acidic, pH about 5.5~8.0. Its change is influenced by disease, medication and diet. Decreased urine pH (increased acidity) is seen in acidosis, fever, diabetes, gout, leukemia, chronic glomerulonephritis, consumption of large amounts of meat, etc.; increased (alkaline urine) is seen in alkalosis, frequent vomiting, urinary tract infection, renal tubular acidosis, application of diuretics, etc. 2, specific gravity (SG): urine specific gravity is used to estimate the osmotic pressure of urine and the hydration status of the patient, and can also roughly reflect the concentration and dilution function of the renal tubules. The normal reference value is 1.005~1.030. Increased urine specific gravity is mostly seen in hyperthermia, dehydration, cardiac insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, etc.; decreased in tubular necrosis, chronic renal failure, acute renal failure polyuric phase, uremia, etc. 3, urinary bilirubin (UB) and urinary bilirubinogen (URO): normal people are negative for urinary bilirubin and negative or weakly positive for urinary bilirubinogen. Positive bilirubin is seen in jaundiced hepatitis, obstructive jaundice, biliary stasis due to drugs and other factors. Positive urinary bilirubin is seen in hepatocellular jaundice. 4, urine occult blood (or occult blood) (BLD): normal people urine occult blood is negative. Positive (+) often indicates bleeding in the urinary system, such as accompanied by urine protein to focus on the consideration of kidney disease. A normal person can also have a positive transient urinary occult blood after strenuous exercise. 5, urine protein (PRO): normal is negative (-) or only a trace. Most of the positive urine protein is pathological, most commonly due to various glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy and the effects of drugs. Urine protein can also be positive in cases of cystitis, urethritis, and when vaginal secretions are mixed in the urine. In addition, strenuous exercise, fever, cold, etc. can also have mild proteinuria, mostly transient. 6, urine sugar (GLU): normal urine can contain trace amounts of glucose, but the qualitative test is negative (-). Positive urine sugar is seen in diabetes, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, chronic nephritis or nephrotic syndrome (renal diabetes), pregnancy, etc. Temporary positive urine sugar can occur after eating large amounts of carbohydrates. 7, urinary ketone body (KET): normal is negative (-). Positive is seen in diabetic ketoacidosis, long-term starvation, severe pregnancy reaction, diarrhea and intake of certain drugs, etc. 8, white blood cells (WBC): normal human urine sediment microscopy white blood cell count does not exceed 5 / HP. increased white blood cells in the urine indicates urinary tract infections such as pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis or urethritis. In the case of inflammation of the female reproductive system, vaginal secretions may be mixed into the urine, leading to an increase in urine leukocytes. 9, urine red blood cells (RBC): normal people are negative or occasionally seen. Positive indicates urological tumors, various nephritis, renal tuberculosis, etc. Certain blood disorders can cause urinary bleeding, increased urinary red blood cells or even carnal hematuria. 10, urine color: normal fresh urine is mostly colorless and transparent or light yellow. Yellowish green, milky white, soy sauce color or meat wash water-like are abnormal. The physician will understand the medical history and physical examination on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the condition, combined with the data of the laboratory test. In the urine routine test, urine protein, urine sugar, ketone body, red blood cells, white blood cells and other items are more significant. In addition, it should be especially reminded that the urine specimen should be retained in accordance with the requirements of the physician, generally the first urine in the early morning is preferred, preferably within half an hour to send the test, placed too long to affect the accuracy of the test results. Women should avoid taking urine samples during menstruation.