1.What are the precautions for urine retention? A clean, dry container should be used for urine specimen retrieval. In addition to special tests, generally about 10 ml can be retained. Urine specimens should be sent for examination as soon as possible, such as placed at room temperature can make the cells dissolve, so the storage time is generally no more than 2 hours. For female infants or uncooperative infants and children, the vulva should be cleaned before the urine specimen is taken to avoid contamination (especially to avoid mixing with feces). Post-pubertal women are not suitable for urine specimen testing during menstruation. Gao Xuguang, Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2.What are the common methods of urine specimen collection? According to the different requirements of clinical testing, the common methods of urine specimen retrieval are: (1) Morning urine: Retrieve the mid-morning urine for testing. It is most suitable for general urine examination of patients with kidney disease. It is not affected by diet, exercise, medication and other factors. (2) Random urine: randomly retained mid-stage urine is sent for testing. Owing to its convenience, it is commonly used for timely testing in outpatient clinics. Easily affected by diet, exercise, medication and other factors. (3) Retained urine specimen before and after upright experiment: empty the bladder before bedtime, wake up in the morning without activity, urinate in front of the bed, and retain 10 ml of mid-segment urine for upright anterior urine. Then let the patient stand with the heel 20 cm away from the wall, in the shape of chest and concave waist for 20 minutes, and then move freely, and when there is an urge to urinate, then keep 10 ml of middle segment urine, as upright post urine, both urine specimens need to be sent for examination. The main understanding of the presence or absence of nutcracker phenomenon when applied. 3.Why should we keep 24 hours urine protein quantification? What is its normal value? The urine routine test is to detect the concentration of protein in a certain urine, so the results of its qualitative report is rough and easily affected by the amount of water, diet, exercise, etc.. To accurately measure the amount of protein excreted in the urine within 24 hours, a quantitative 24-hour urine protein test is required. The normal value is less than 0.15g for 24 hours. 4.What do I need to pay attention to when doing 24-hour urine protein quantification? In order to accurately measure the 24-hour urine protein quantification, the urine in the bladder should be emptied and discarded at 7:00 a.m., and then all the urine excreted in the following 24 hours should be stored in a container (including the urine that is removed at 7:00 a.m. the next day). The total urine volume should be measured in a measuring cup and recorded on the test sheet before the test, then stirred, and a tube of approximately 10 ml should be removed and sent for 24-hour protein quantification. To accurately measure the 24-hour urine protein quantification, the 24-hour urine needs to be collected in full, and a preservative (xylene) should be added after the first urine collection. The diet structure on the day of the test should be consistent with usual. Since this test is not too related to water intake, it is not necessary to restrict water on the day of measurement, but it is also not necessary to drink excessively. Women are not suitable for 24-hour urine protein quantification during menstruation. 5.What is the significance of the complete set of urine test for kidney damage and urine release? How to keep the urine specimens for urine test for kidney damage and urine release? The significance of the complete set of urine test for kidney damage: to check the glomerular filtration function and tubular function, it is convenient to keep the sample without having to keep the urine specimen twice, and it can replace the urine release. Urine test for kidney damage: 10 ml of mid-morning urine is collected for testing. Urine release test is one of the methods of kidney function test. It can determine the composition of protein in urine, whether it is selective proteinuria or non-selective proteinuria, the function of renal tubules, and the presence of renal tubular damage. The specimen of urine release requires a special method, first of all, about 10 ml of urine in the morning, then drink about 300-500 ml of water (depending on the age can be increased or decreased), and then 10 ml of urine when there is a desire to urinate, and it needs to send the urine specimen twice. 6.What is the significance of urine red blood cell morphology test? Urine red blood cell morphology test is one of the important tests to determine the source of red blood cells and to distinguish renal red blood cells from non-renal red blood cells. If the diverse deformed red blood cells in the urine account for more than 30% of the total red blood cells, glomerular hematuria can be diagnosed, indicating that the red blood cells originate from the kidneys and are mostly seen in various types of glomerular lesions; if the urine red blood cells have a smooth surface, uniform size and shape, and less than 30% of the deformed red blood cells, suggesting non- glomerular hematuria or mixed type hematuria. Note that urine erythrocyte morphology is not suitable when the number of red blood cells is too small or too large. The method of urine red blood cell morphology test: 10 ml of mid-morning urine should be collected for testing.