(A) plastic surgery in ancient times The ancient civilizations of mankind, in addition to China, there are Egypt and India, etc. Egypt. According to the “Ebers Papyrus” (the history of the ancient Egyptians written on papyrus paper discovered and compiled by Ebres), the ancient Egyptians did not perform plastic surgery by means of living tissue transplantation. However, the most primitive “cosmetic” procedures such as tattoos to show the nobility of men and ear piercing to wear earrings were performed. India. In ancient India, there was a culture of cutting the nose. Husbands can be considered unchaste wife’s nose cut off; war victors can be cut off the nose of their prisoners of war; the government can be applied to criminals to cut off the nose of the punishment. As it was, there was no shortage of people who lacked noses at that time. As the position of the nose is the most prominent in the face, its deformity is very significant, so most of those who lacked a nose desire to get a new nose. In order to meet this need, the tile makers of the lowest stratum of Indian society gradually invented the frontal median flap nose-making technique. In the sixth century B.C., the Indian Wenmyo (Sushruta) wrote about this technique in his monograph on medicine, but this technique is still a reconstructive surgery for organ defects, not a cosmetic surgery for normal people. (B) plastic surgery in the Middle Ages In the two hundred years after the birth of Jesus, the famous Roman medical doctor Celsus (Celsus) and the Greek medical master Gallen (Gallen), in their classic works are not about reconstructive plastic surgery and cosmetic plastic surgery, they mentioned only for the treatment of wounds. After the third century, Europe was in constant war and many cultures were destroyed, so it was called the “Dark Ages”. The Dark Ages did not end until the 14th century, so history calls the 15th and 16th centuries the Middle Ages or Renaissance. During the Renaissance, there was a famous anatomist and professor of surgery, Gaspar Tagliacocci (1546-1599), at the University of Bologna, Italy. He was so skilled that he could reconstruct a new nose for a patient with a missing nose with a single-tipped flap of the upper arm, and wrote about this technique in great detail in his monograph on surgery. This technique was written in great detail in his monograph on surgery, for which he was called the “father of plastic surgery” by Western medical scholars. Although Tagliacci’s achievements were so great, his career was a tragedy. The Church was so powerful at the time that it had explicitly forbidden surgery on the human body. Since man was created by God, to operate on the human body was disrespectful to God, and to perform plastic surgery on the human body was a mockery of God. Therefore, not only was Tagliacci humiliated while he was alive, but after his death the authorities did not allow him to be buried in the church cemetery. After his death, his rhinoplasty died with him. Since then, for a long period of time. No one talked about nose-making anymore. It should be noted here that Tagliacocci’s work is still reconstructive surgery, not cosmetic plastic surgery. (C) the modern plastic surgery 19th century British occupation of India. Indian folk frontal flap rhinoplasty also spread to England. At that time, the British emperor had a guard with a missing nose. The famous surgeon Carpio (Carpul) used the Indian method to recreate a new nose for this officer. The story quickly spread to the European continent. Dieffenbach (1792-1847), the successor of Professor Graefe (1787-1840) and Professor of Surgery at the University of Berlin, and Von Langenbeck (l810-1887), the latter’s successor, both became interested not only in rhinoplasty, but also in eyelid and nose reconstruction. The latter and the latter’s successor, the professor of surgery Von Langenbeck (l810-1887), both became interested not only in rhinoplasty, but also in reconstructive surgery of the eyelids, lips and cheeks. Of course, the work of these talented and famous surgeons was still the reconstruction of defective organs, not the cosmetic surgery of normal organs. Nevertheless, because of the prominent social status of these men, after they practiced plastic surgery, the lowly plastic surgeon began to be valued and given his rightful place. (D) modern cosmetic plastic surgery In the past, plastic surgery was not valued for five reasons. First, the low social status of plastic surgeons, “people are small”, and therefore not valued. Second, there was no anesthesia drugs. In the absence of anesthesia to perform living tissue transplantation, it is indeed like ***. Third, there was no knowledge of sterilization, technology and antibacterial drugs. When reconstructive surgery was performed under germy conditions, the reconstructed organs were prone to infection and necrosis. Fourth, good surgical instruments were not available at that time. “If you want to do a good job, you must first improve your instruments”. No good instruments how can often achieve good results? Fifth, at that time, the need for plastic surgery treatment of patients is ultimately a minority. No big need, how can there be a big development? This last point is very important. In the first half of the modern era, there were two world wars. In both wars, there were a large number of wounded, their faces were destroyed, limbs disabled, the most important organs (including reproductive organs) occurring defects, the number of people needing plastic surgery is very large; and from the humanitarian point of view, many medical workers are willing to do their best to fix their deformities, restore function. In this unprecedented increase in the number of people in need of plastic surgery, there were four very favorable conditions: First, many highly skilled surgeons participated in plastic surgery work. Second, anesthesiologists invented the endotracheal anesthesia method, to facilitate the surgeon in the head and face to perform a long and very detailed plastic surgery work. Third, a variety of antibiotics appeared one after another, so that the infection rate of reconstructive surgery is reduced to a minimum, to improve the success rate of surgery. Fourth, Padgett’s and Hood’s (Padgett And Hood) invented the skin removal machine, so that a little trained surgeons can obtain the thickness of the accurate large sheet of skin, for the treatment of burns is extremely beneficial. As such, reconstructive plastic surgery techniques advanced by leaps and bounds. In the first world war period, active participation in plastic surgery work, their own experience, improve skills, while still for plastic surgery laid a solid foundation of foreign plastic surgery masters are Gillies (Gillies), Blair (Blair), Ivy (Ivy), Kazanzian (Kazanzian), Davis (Davis), Burian (Burian). And so on. The outstanding foreign plastic surgeons who emerged during the Second World War were Brown, Bunnell, Converse, Mcindo1, Taylor, Payep, and others. These plastic surgery masters emerged during the two world wars, many of them have passed away, some of them have never engaged in aesthetic plastic surgery, but their medical, teaching and research work has laid a good foundation for aesthetic plastic surgery; and under their careful cultivation, has produced a large number of highly skilled, experienced, knowledgeable, high moral aesthetic plastic surgery for the world They have produced a large number of highly skilled, experienced, knowledgeable and ethical masters of aesthetic plastic surgery worldwide, such as Millard, Rees, Pitanguy, Constable, Webster, Cole, Rogers, Mouly, Bosse, Hindero, Gupta, William Hsia. Gupta, William Hsia, Wu-Cai Qiu, and Kiyoshi Omori. Most of the work of these above-mentioned people was still reconstructive plastic surgery in the 1950s. Since the last 20-30 years, because there is no big war in the world, the developed countries are developing production, people’s living standard generally improved; many people in the clothing, food, housing, transportation and other aspects of the needs to be satisfied after, began to feel dissatisfied with their own appearance, require cosmetic plastic surgery treatment; so, these talented reconstructive plastic surgeons gradually turned to cosmetic surgery specialty. Of course, there are those who studied and practiced cosmetic plastic surgery from the very beginning. In this situation where there is both a need and a specialist, aesthetic plastic surgery is growing rapidly at an unprecedented rate. At present, the Society of aesthetic plastic surgery, aesthetic plastic surgery magazines, aesthetic plastic surgery books have appeared in various developed countries, the past is not much attention to aesthetic plastic surgery, has become a surgical “hot”, really immeasurable future!