1.What are the manifestations of chronic kidney disease? Chronic kidney disease is a common disease, its incidence is very close to diabetes, in China, the incidence of diabetes is about 10%, while the 2012 epidemiological survey found that the national incidence of chronic kidney disease is 10.8%, which means that less than 10 people have a chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease can occur at any age, from children to the elderly, but it is more common in middle-aged and elderly people. What are the manifestations of chronic kidney disease? There are many clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease, the most common one is edema, if patients wake up in the morning and find edema in their eyelids and lower limbs, they should think that they may have chronic kidney disease. The second is high blood pressure, the relationship between hypertension and kidney disease is very close, high blood pressure is a common symptom of chronic kidney disease, but also lead to kidney disease. In other words, patients with hypertension should remember to check their urine, and patients with kidney disease must think about measuring their blood pressure. The third is proteinuria, the urine has a lot of foam inside, and the urine routine laboratory test shows several plus signs of urine protein. The fourth manifestation is hematuria, which is found by microscopic examination with more than three red blood cells per high-powered field of view inside the urine, which is microscopic hematuria; patients will find that the urine color deepens, like tea water or meat washing water, which is called carnal hematuria. The fifth category of manifestation is abnormal urination, for example, the daily urine volume is less than 400 ml, and in the most serious case less than 100 ml, which is called anuria at this time; there are also patients with increased urine volume, more than 2500 ml per day, which is called polyuria, which are all manifestations of abnormal urination. In addition, some patients will also have abnormal kidney function, such as elevated blood creatinine, and even in renal failure, there will be gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting; there can also be anemia, fever, joint pain and other systemic manifestations. Figure: Etiological composition of new patients entering hemodialysis What causes chronic kidney disease? Chronic glomerulonephritis has been the most common cause of chronic kidney disease, but it is worth noting that the incidence of kidney disease, caused by diabetes, is also gradually increasing. According to the Beijing Hemodialysis Quality Control and Improvement Center in 2010, patients with diabetic nephropathy accounted for the second highest number of new patients entering renal dialysis treatment, and this is a cause for concern. In addition, hypertension, drug-induced interstitial nephritis, polycystic kidney, etc. are common causes of chronic kidney disease. Among them, drug-induced interstitial nephritis is more common. The most common clinical drugs are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also called antipyretic and analgesic drugs, like Fenbid, Tylenol, Tylenol, these cold medicines, all contain this type of ingredients. The second type of drug that causes interstitial nephritis is the aminoglycosides, more typically gentamicin, and some patients will experience reduced urine output and elevated blood creatinine after taking the drug. The third category is Chinese medicine containing aristolochic acid, for example, the Chinese medicine Gentian and Liver Pill, which was commonly used before 2003, contains this ingredient. The fourth category is the contrast agent used in contrast examinations, which can also cause kidney failure, called contrast nephropathy, also known as contrast nephropathy. The fifth category of drugs is some chemotherapy drugs. When tumor patients do chemotherapy, they are prone to kidney damage, and the common drugs are cisplatin and mitomycin. Some patients are born with kidney disease, which is congenital kidney disease. However, it should be emphasized that some patients with congenital kidney disease can survive with the disease for life and the kidney disease will not progress. For example, congenital abnormal kidney development, one side of the kidney is underdeveloped, but in fact, one kidney is usually enough for people, so these patients usually have stable kidney function for a long time and do not need to worry. There are also some hereditary diseases, such as thin basement membrane nephropathy, which manifests as simple hematuria and has a better prognosis. However, there are some congenital nephrotic syndromes that have a very poor prognosis and quickly develop into uremia.