When a patient with chronic renal failure and obvious clinical manifestations of uremia cannot be relieved by treatment, then dialysis treatment should be performed. For diabetic nephropathy, dialysis can be appropriately scheduled in advance. Hemodialysis (referred to as hemodialysis) and peritoneal dialysis (referred to as abdominal dialysis) have similar efficacy, but each has its own advantages and disadvantages, which can complement each other in clinical application. However, dialysis therapy can only partially replace the excretory function of the kidney (the clearance of small molecule solutes is only equivalent to 10%-15% of the normal kidney), but cannot replace its endocrine and metabolic functions. 1, hemodialysis 3-4 weeks before hemodialysis, the patient should be pre-made arteriovenous endovascular fistula (usually located in the forearm), in order to form a blood flow channel, convenient to use puncture. Hemodialysis treatment is usually performed 2-3 times a week for 4-6 hours each time. Within 4~8 weeks of starting hemodialysis, the symptoms of uremia gradually improve; if reasonable dialysis can be adhered to for a long time, many patients can survive for more than 15~20 years. However, the intermittent solute removal by dialysis treatment makes the fluctuation of blood volume and solute concentration larger, which is not in line with the physiological state, and even produces some side effects. 2, peritoneal dialysis Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis therapy (CAPD) equipment is simple, easy to operate, safe and effective, and can be operated at the patient’s home itself. CAPD is a continuous dialysis, for uremic toxins are continuously removed, blood volume does not fluctuate significantly, so patients also feel more comfortable. 3. Kidney transplantation Successful kidney transplantation will restore normal kidney function (including endocrine and metabolic functions) and can lead to almost complete recovery. The transplanted kidney can be a cadaveric donor kidney or a relative donor kidney. The kidney donor has to be selected on the basis of suitable ABO blood type matching and HLA matching. Kidney transplantation requires long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection. The efficacy of kidney transplantation has improved significantly in recent years, and the survival rate of cadaveric donor kidney transplants has improved considerably. Due to the long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs after transplantation, the number of complicated infections has increased and the prevalence of malignant tumors has also increased.