Urinary stones are a common and frequent disease in urology. Urological stones can be divided into kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones, and urethral stones depending on the location of their presence, and stones in different locations often present with different clinical symptoms. Kidney stones often have dull pain in the lower back, while some kidney stones without urinary tract obstruction can be completely asymptomatic and are only found incidentally during physical examination; ureteral stones mostly present with lumbar and abdominal cramps, which are often quite intense and are often accompanied by profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms. Lower ureteral stones will also present with bladder irritation symptoms such as urinary frequency, urinary urgency and pain. Bladder stones can cause interruption of urination, while urethral stones often lead to acute urinary retention. Urinary stones must be taken seriously, especially those with urinary obstruction, which not only bring painful symptoms, but also, more seriously, cause progressive damage to kidney function. The traditional drug drainage, “open” lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy are well known. In recent years, there has been a breakthrough in the minimally invasive treatment of urinary stones. With the maturation of endoluminal urological surgery such as transurethral ureteroscopic lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, these minimally invasive surgeries have replaced most cases that had to be cured by “open surgery”. Transurethral ureteroscopic lithotripsy is a minimally invasive procedure to break up and remove stones under direct vision through the human physiological channel. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a technique that removes stones from the renal pelvis, calyces, and upper ureter by creating a tiny artificial channel in the lumbar region and using stone extraction instruments or lithotripsy devices. Compared with traditional “open” stone extraction surgery, the most significant feature of this procedure is that it eliminates the need to incise a large amount of tissue in the lumbar region, which greatly reduces the side effects of treatment and alleviates the pain of treatment. The advent of these minimally invasive procedures has given many patients with urinary stones a better treatment option. Since urinary stones can not only reduce the quality of life, but can also lead to serious damage to kidney function over time, they should not be taken lightly. So, how should patients with urinary stones choose their treatment? For kidney and ureteral stones smaller than 5 mm, pharmacological stone removal treatment can be preferred. If the effect is not satisfactory, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can be used for kidney stones and upper ureteral stones, and transurethral ureteroscopic lithotripsy and stone extraction can be used for middle and lower ureteral stones; extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can be preferred for kidney stones less than 2 cm, upper ureteral stones larger than 5 mm, and bladder stones less than 2 cm without bladder outlet obstruction; for kidney stones more than 2 cm in diameter, cast stones Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is preferred for kidney stones with a diameter of 2 cm or more, cast stones, kidney stones with special components, kidney stones with infection, and kidney stones with distal stenosis; ureteroscopy is preferred for ureteral stones that have failed extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy; transurethral lithotripsy can be used for large bladder stones, bladder stones with bladder outlet obstruction, and bladder stones with special components; for posterior urethral stones, the stones can be pushed back to the bladder and then For posterior urethral stones, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or direct transurethral lithotripsy can be used; for anterior urethral stones, transurethral lithotripsy can be used; for giant bladder stones, cystotomy can be used.