Clinical criteria: (1) acute or subacute cutaneous lupus manifestations; (2) chronic cutaneous lupus manifestations; (3) oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers; (4) non-scarring baldness; (5) inflammatory synovitis , and swelling or tenderness in 2 or more peripheral joints with morning stiffness may be observed; (6) plasmacytitis; (7) renal lesions: at least 500 mg protein/24 hours, calculated using the urine protein/creatinine ratio (or 24-hour urine protein), or with (8) Neurological lesions: vitiligo, psychosis, polyneuritis, myelitis, peripheral or cranial neuropathy, encephalitis (acute psychotic state); (9) Hemolytic anemia; (10) Leukopenia (at least 1 cell count < 4.0×109/L) or lymphopenia (at least 1 cell count < 1.0×109/L); thrombocytopenia (at least 1 cell count < 100×109/L). Immunological criteria Immunologic criteria: (1) ANA titer higher than laboratory reference standard (LRR); (2) anti-dsDNA antibody titer higher than LRR (2 times higher than LRR by ELISA); (3) positive anti-Sm antibody; (4) antiphospholipid antibody: positive lupus anticoagulant/false positive syphilis serology test/anti-cardiolipin antibody more than 2 times the normal level or elevated anti-β2GPI medium titer; (5) complement Decreased: C3, C4, CH50; (6) No hemolytic anemia, but positive direct Coombs test. Confirmation criteria: (1) renal pathology confirmed lupus nephritis with ANA or anti-dsDNA positivity; (2) more than 4 of the above clinical and immunological indicators are met (at least 1 clinical indicator and 1 immunological indicator included). The sensitivity of the criteria was 94% and specificity 92%.