Most alveoli do not require treatment; in the case of large alveoli, which are at risk of affecting lung function, they can be treated surgically; and in the case of a ruptured alveolus with a pneumothorax, there is a risk of not treating it. Pulmonary alveoli are caused by increased pressure in the alveolar cavities and rupture of the alveolar walls, causing them to fuse with each other and form air-containing saccular cavities in the lung tissue. Pulmonary alveoli can increase in size as the patient ages, especially the giant type, which presses on healthy lung tissue and leads to a decline in lung function. Surgery is recommended at this point, and failure to treat the condition can lead to respiratory failure and other risks. If the patient suddenly exerts himself or coughs violently, the pressure in the chest cavity rises, prompting the alveoli to rupture and form a pneumothorax. If a tension pneumothorax is formed, the patient’s dyspnea is obvious and should be treated promptly, otherwise it may be life-threatening. In the case of giant alveoli or ruptured alveoli, prompt medical attention, closed chest drainage or surgery is recommended.