Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of sugar, fat and protein metabolism caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin in the body. Its main characteristics are hyperglycemia and glycosuria. As people’s living standards continue to improve, the structure of their diet changes, and the intensity of their work improves, the incidence of diabetes has increased around the world. In Europe, the incidence of diabetes is 2%. In the United States, the prevalence of diabetes is 5%. 4% of the total number of people under the age of 15 and up to 16% over the age of 50. The prevalence in Japan is 3-4%, and India is a country with a high sugar intake, consuming 35 kg of sugar per person per year, and the prevalence is more than 7 times that of the former. Australia is 2.9%, Pakistan is 1.5%, and the Philippines is 9.7%. It is estimated that the global prevalence of diabetes in 1998 was 4%. That is, there are 140 million people with diabetes worldwide, and by 2025, there will be 300 million, with the increase being mainly in Asia. The prevalence of diabetes in China was 0.67% in the early 1980s, and by 1996 it had grown to 3.67%, an increase of 5 to 6 times in 20 years. The survey results of the Ministry of Health show that there are about 3,000 new cases of diabetes in China every day, with an annual increase of about 1.2 million cases of diabetes. The latest information shows that China has more than 50 million diabetic patients, accounting for about one-fifth of the global diabetic population. By 2025, the total number of people with diabetes in China will be nearly 100 million. The cause of diabetes has not yet been fully elucidated, but the relative or absolute insufficiency of insulin secretion is the basic pathogenetic basis of the disease. 1, genetic factors: diabetes has a genetic predisposition has been relatively certain. 2, viral infection: According to many experimental and clinical research results, diabetes can occur in those with serious β-cell destruction after viral infection. 3, autoimmunity: mainly related to the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 4.Insulin antagonistic hormone. 5.Abnormal insulin release from pancreatic β-cells: mutation of insulin gene in biosynthesis and formation of insulin with abnormal structure leads to diabetes. 6. Abnormal insulin receptors, receptor antibodies and insulin resistance. Diabetes mellitus type 1, type I diabetes (destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells, usually resulting in absolute lack of insulin) Also called youth onset diabetes Often develops before the age of 35, accounting for less than 10% of diabetes mellitus. In type I diabetes, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas in the body have been completely damaged, thus completely losing the function of insulin production. The absolute lack of insulin in the body causes a continuous increase in blood glucose levels and the development of diabetes. Therefore, insulin treatment is required from the onset of the disease and is used for life. Type II diabetes (insulin resistance with or without insulin deficiency, or insulin deficiency with or without insulin resistance) is also called adult-onset diabetes. It develops mostly after the age of 35-40 and accounts for more than 90% of diabetic patients. The ability to produce insulin in the body is not completely lost in type II diabetes, some patients even produce too much insulin in the body, but the effect of insulin is reduced, so the insulin in the body of the patient is a relative deficiency. The secretion of insulin in the body can be stimulated by certain oral medications. However, some patients still need insulin treatment like type I diabetes in the later stage. 3. Gestational diabetes refers to diabetes that develops in women during pregnancy. Clinical data show that about 2-3% of women will develop diabetes during pregnancy, and the diabetes will disappear automatically after the pregnancy is over. Gestational diabetes is more likely to occur in women who are obese and of advanced maternal age. Nearly 30% of women with gestational diabetes may later develop type II diabetes. Note the difference: Gestational diabetes – refers to a brief state of diabetes during pregnancy, which disappears after pregnancy. Diabetic pregnancy – refers to a woman who had diabetes before pregnancy and whose diabetes persists after pregnancy.