Glaucoma is a complex group of eye diseases with both functional abnormalities and structural damage. Regardless of the type of glaucoma, elevated intraocular pressure (or pathologically high IOP) is the main risk factor. Whether laser, surgical or pharmacological treatment, the main goal is to lower IOP. However, there are also some cases of glaucoma with normal IOP or normal IOP after surgery in which the disease continues to progress. Therefore, the doctor will choose the appropriate treatment to lower the IOP and protect the optic nerve according to the patient’s condition. 1. Medication If the decision is made not to undergo surgery or laser treatment, medication is generally lifelong and consists mainly of eye drops for local spot eyes. Remember to follow the doctor’s recommendations for daily medication, because the duration of action of drugs generally does not exceed 24 hours. If you stop the medication on your own, it will lead to an increase in intraocular pressure and worsening optic nerve damage. The main types of medications for glaucoma include: cholinergic mimetics (pupil constrictors), beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandin analogs, hypertonic dehydrating agents, and optic nerve protection medications. Medications may have certain side effects and the physician will ask the patient for a detailed history of allergies and systemic conditions, including respiratory and cardiac systemic history. Patients should also provide timely feedback to the doctor about some abnormal reactions that occur after medication administration. In general, glaucoma medications are safe and effective, and side effects do not occur in everyone who uses them. 2. Laser treatment Laser treatment mainly includes laser peripheral iridotomy, laser peripheral iridoplasty, laser trabeculoplasty and ciliary body photocoagulation. The laser can cause a transient inflammatory response in the eye and/or an increase in intraocular pressure, so some patients may experience eye redness and eye pain after laser surgery, and usually require medication to control the inflammation and/or lower the intraocular pressure. Patients should remember to follow the doctor’s recommendations for follow-up, and the doctor will give appropriate treatment according to the patient’s IOP and inflammation. 3.Surgical treatment Many patients think that surgery is to improve their vision, this is a misconception! The purpose of glaucoma surgery treatment is to control the eye pressure and delay or stop further vision damage. Doctors will choose treatment measures according to the patient’s condition, and do not choose surgery only when medications and lasers are ineffective. Surgery for glaucoma is not a scary treatment. The main surgical options include: trabeculectomy, trabeculotomy, atrial drainage valve implantation, and endoscopic ciliary photocoagulation. In addition, cataract extraction is an option for some lens-related glaucoma.