After the presence of red blood cells in the urine sediment is determined, the true hematuria is established first by taking a medical history, especially after excluding pseudohematuria caused by menstrual contamination and strenuous, high-intensity exercise in women. The possible reasons for this are mechanical damage to the bladder and kidneys during strenuous exercise, distribution of blood to the skeletal muscles during exercise resulting in ischemia and hypoxia in the kidneys, and glomerular hyperfiltration, so hematuria can be of glomerular or non-glomerular origin.
Hematuria can be divided into two categories: glomerulogenic hematuria caused by glomerular disease, which is traditionally referred to as “nephritis”. The second is non-glomerular hematuria, such as systemic coagulation abnormalities, blood disorders, urinary tract diseases such as infections, stones, tumors, vascular malformations, etc.