The etiology of stone formation is very complex and there are still some unresolved issues. In summary, they are closely related to systemic metabolism, urinary tract local infection internal environment and dietary factors. In recent years, some scholars have divided stones into two main categories, namely metabolic stones and infectious stones. Urine contains a variety of components, which can be broadly divided into crystalline and colloidal substances. Crystalline substances include calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, magnesium and iron phosphate, uric acid, urate, xanthin and cystine, etc. Colloidal substances mainly refer to mucins and mucopolysaccharides. When stones are formed, there is usually a core first, and then crystals and colloids in the urine are deposited around this core to increase in size. Cellular debris, blood clots, necrotic tissue, bacteria, and foreign bodies can be used as the core to form stones. Common causes include: (1) urinary tract infections, urinary tract obstruction and foreign bodies; (2) systemic factors such as abnormal metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, urate and oxalate, long-term water insufficiency and long-term bed rest; (3) hyperparathyroidism; (4) climatic and geographical conditions; and (5) diet and nutrition. (i) Environmental factors Differences in the natural environment Such as regional and climatic conditions, such as hot areas can lead to concentrated urine due to excessive sweating, and the increase in calcium content in water is also a factor in stone formation. The influence of social conditions, such as high intake of animal protein makes bladder stones more frequent in children. Oxalate stones are increased in areas where fruits and vegetables are abundant. In addition, bladder stones are more common in a few poor areas of Africa. (2) Individual factors (1) Genetic factors: autosomal inheritance caused by renal tubular dysfunction, congenital enzyme deficiency, etc. are some genetic diseases that are closely related to stone formation. The incidence is often higher in families with patients with stone disease. (2) Diseases: such as hyperparathyroidism, cortisolism, osteolytic bone tumors and even long-term bed rest may induce stone formation. (3) Other metabolic abnormalities: In addition to the metabolic abnormalities caused by some congenital or acquired diseases, there are also some metabolic abnormalities with unclear causes, such as idiopathic high calcium urine and idiopathic high uric acid. (4) Dietary habits and the adaptability of the body: people who do not like to drink water have an increased incidence of stones. Eating more dairy products increases the absorption of calcium, eating more meat increases uric acid in the urine, consuming large amounts of spinach or sauerkraut and fructose drinks increases the excretion of oxalic acid in the urine, and drinking more coffee increases calcium in the urine, all of these factors have the potential to increase stone formation. Some people get stones because they live in a non-native place for a long time, and some people get stones because of mental stress. (5) Drugs: long-term use of acetazolamide (a common drug for glaucoma), corticosteroids, sulfonamide and aspirin, vitamin D poisoning, and large amounts of oral vitamin C (which can be converted to oxalic acid) can lead to stones. (6) Urinary tract factors: Patients with prostate hypertrophy have increased chances of bladder stone generation due to poor urination and increased amount of residual urine. Ureteral congenital stenosis leads to hydronephrosis, which can lead to the formation of renal pelvis and ureteral stones, while stones blocking the urinary tract can accelerate the growth of stones.