Neurosurgery has entered the era of minimally invasive surgery, which aims to reduce surgical trauma, lower medical costs, shorten hospitalization time, reduce complications and lower morbidity and mortality under the premise of ensuring therapeutic effects, and neuroendoscopy meets the requirements of minimally invasive surgery, which has unique advantages over microscopic surgery. The microscope is like a “street light” that allows us to see clearly where the light illuminates, and the neuroendoscope is like a “flashlight” that allows us to see where we want to see at will. Endoscopy in neurosurgery 1, pituitary tumor resection Traditional microscopic pituitary tumor resection is more traumatic, the clinical research in the past 10 years has shown that the neuroendoscopic resection of various types of pituitary microadenoma through single nostril has the advantages of minimally invasive, less complications, shorter operation time and complete tumor removal. 2.Fistula mainly used for non-traffic hydrocephalus third ventricular floor fistula, transparent diaphragm fistula, intracranial cyst fistula, multi-room isolated hydrocephalus, cystic craniopharyngioma fistula, etc. For tumor induced hydrocephalus, endoscopy can be used to biopsy the hydrocephalus and provide long-term relief, as well as to find out whether there is ectopic tumor, tumor metastasis or implantation in the brain. 3.Subdural hemorrhage and ventricular hemorrhage removal and drainage Traditional simple puncture and drainage for chronic subdural hematoma has the shortcomings of large trauma, incomplete hematoma removal and easy infection. Endoscopic removal of hematoma, with small incision and direct vision, avoids the shortcomings of inaccurate puncture and low hematoma removal rate of simple puncture and drainage, and has a higher hematoma removal rate for the first time; its drainage time is shorter or does not require drainage, which reduces the infection rate and shortens the hospital stay of patients. 4.Brain abscess incision and drainage Endoscopic treatment is less contusive to brain tissue and can directly view the abscess cavity and flush the pus, avoiding brain hemorrhage caused by blind puncture. 5.Adjunctive microsurgery The ventral side of skull base is the nasal cavity, oral cavity and paranasal sinus, which are multi-cavity structures and often have dead ends when observed by microscope. In aneurysm surgery, endoscopy can better understand whether the aneurysm is completely clamped, determine whether the position of the clamp is secure, and whether important penetrating branches and nerves are affected, which is of great value to improve the surgical effect of aneurysm; endoscopic minimally invasive vascular decompression and release is a radical method for trigeminal neuralgia, which can completely preserve nerve and vascular function. 6.Spine and spinal cord endoscopy: Many spine and spinal cord diseases, such as disc herniation, atlantoaxial dislocation or deformity, and some lesions in the spinal canal can be treated under neuroendoscopy, which has the advantages of small trauma, short operation time and low hospitalization cost.