Hearing screening is an objective, rapid and non-invasive test performed in the natural sleep or quiet state of the newborn after birth through electrophysiological tests such as otoacoustic emissions, automatic auditory brainstem response and acoustic impedance. Failure of infant hearing screening is very common in clinical practice and parents should not worry too much. It is usually classified as physiological or pathological and requires a treatment that corresponds to the specific case. If the child does not have congenital deafness that runs in the family and fails the hearing screening, it is usually due to the presence of amniotic fluid and fetal fat in the external and middle ear cavities of the newborn, premature birth, low weight, immature neurodevelopment and hearing conduction, and needs to be rechecked 42 days after birth. If the child still does not pass the re-screening after 42 days, at 3 months of age, he/she should go to a qualified hearing center for diagnosis and examination to assess the hearing level. Children who still do not pass the re-screening should undergo a comprehensive examination at 6 months of age, including acoustic impedance, otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem evoked potential testing and other related examinations, as well as CT, MRI and other imaging tests if necessary, to determine if there is congenital or permanent hearing loss. If it is determined to be caused by damage to the cochlear hair cells and ear nerve, cochlear implant surgery is usually required for treatment.