First, let’s take a look at the ultrasound report card of our center: then we analyze the Chinese meaning of each parameter and the basic information it represents item by item: M-mode echocardiogram (cm): LVDd DD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter RVDd DD right ventricular end-diastolic diameter LVDs DD left ventricular end-systolic diameter RVDs DD right ventricular end-systolic diameter LVIVSd – LVIVSd – left ventricular posterior wall diastolic diameter LVIVSs – septal systolic diameter LVPWd – left posterior ventricular wall diastolic diameter LVPWs – right posterior ventricular wall systolic diameter Ao DD aortic diameter LA DD left atrial diameter Note: The above items have different normal values with different ages and need to be analyzed on a case-by-case basis. Specific analysis is needed. Cardiac function: LVEF DD left ventricular ejection fraction. Normal is between 55 and 80%, if too small, it means that the ventricular function is low, and vice versa, it means that the heart function is hyperactive, the latter is mostly the early hyperactive manifestation of heart failure. LVFS DD left ventricular shortening rate. The normal value is about 30%, which is positively correlated with LVEF. Note: These two are important indicators to evaluate cardiac function. 2D ultrasound (cm2): LA DD left atrium LV DD left ventricle RA DD right atrium RV DD right ventricle MRA DD mitral valve orifice area TRA DD tricuspid valve orifice area Note: The above items have different normal values depending on age and need to be analyzed on a case-by-case basis. Spectral Doppler ultrasound (m/s): Aao DD ascending aorta. Dao DD descending aorta. LVOT DD left ventricular outflow tract RVOT DD right ventricular outflow tract MPA DD main pulmonary artery MV DD mitral valve orifice TV DD tricuspid valve orifice Note: The flow velocities of the above parts are normally less than 2 m/s. Detailed values are shown in the following table: Normal values of maximum flow velocity (m/s) in each valve orifice of the heart Item Pediatric adult mitral flow velocity tricuspid flow velocity pulmonary artery flow velocity left ventricle Outflow tract flow velocity Aortic flow velocity 1.00 (0.8-1.3) O.60 (0.5-0.8) 0.90 (0.7-1.1) 1.00 (0.7-1.2) 1.50 (1.2-1.8) O.90 (0.6-1.3) 0.50 (0.3-0.7) O.75 (0.6-0.9) 0.90 (0.7-1.1) ) 1-35 (1.0-1.7) T. Hatle & B. Angelsen, Doppler Ultrasound in Cardiology, 72 p. (Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1982) Color Doppler ultrasound: MR DD mitral regurgitation AI DD aortic valve insufficiency (regurgitation) TR DD tricuspid regurgitation PI DD pulmonary regurgitation Atrial level Ventricular level Aortic level Note: All of the above should be negative under normal circumstances. P.S.: How to determine pulmonary hypertension based on ultrasound findings? Pulmonary hypertension should be considered if one of the following three conditions is met: 1) pulmonary regurgitation velocity >3m/s; 2) tricuspid regurgitation velocity >3m/s; 3) if there is a ventricular septal defect, the shunt velocity at the defect site is <3m/s; of course, the above conditions are not absolute and need specific analysis.