It mostly occurs in immobile cilia syndrome. In immobile cilia syndrome, structural abnormalities of cilia, such as missing power arm, defective wheel amplitude, and abnormal arrangement of microtubules, can cause respiratory cilia paralysis and cilia mucus transmission dysfunction, resulting in the inability of all body cilia to move, while forming chronic recurrent purulent lung inflammation, sinusitis, otitis media and male infertility. How to check the symptoms of cilia structural defects? 1, lower respiratory manifestations: patients with recurrent episodes of upper sensation, chronic bronchitis or interstitial pneumonia Zhang and bronchial dilatation, cough, yellow pus sputum, hemoptysis and dyspnea and other symptoms. This leads to pulmonary atelectasis and bronchiectasis, with symptoms such as cough, yellow pus sputum, hemoptysis and dyspnea. 2. Upper respiratory manifestations: Patients often have chronic rhinitis and sinusitis, which cause mucus or purulent secretion retention in the sinuses, so there is nasal congestion, pus, and sometimes nasal polyps. Due to abnormal middle ear and eustachian tube cilia, it can lead to chronic recurrent otitis media. 3. Visceral inversion: During the embryonic period, due to abnormal cilia structure, certain epithelial tissues lose their normal oscillation, so that the directional rotation of the viscera becomes random rotation. For example, at 10-15 days of gestation, the viscera should rotate to the right under normal circumstances, but instead they rotate to the left, thus forming visceral retroposition. 4. Infertility: The sperm tail is a variant of cilia, and when its structure is abnormal, the sperm lose the ability to swing, which can cause male infertility. Bronchial dilatation, sinusitis and visceral displacement can be diagnosed based on chest X-ray plain film, bronchography, sinus X-ray plain film and CT scan. Nasal and bronchial mucosal biopsies with cilia abnormalities seen under electron microscopy can lead to a positive diagnosis. There are more than 20 types of cilia ultrastructural abnormalities, mainly defects in the power protein arms, as well as microtubule defects, defects in the radiating whorl axis, and disorders in microtubule arrangement. Further cilia biopsy is required to assist in the diagnosis. Since the ciliary structure consists of at least 200 proteins and has a large number of potential genes, it is unlikely that genetic testing will be used as a diagnostic tool in the short term. Ciliary abnormalities include the presence of ciliated cells on the surface of all protein-powered arms and the distribution of cilia in the paranasal sinuses, eustachian tube, and middle ear. There are also ciliated structures at the oviducts, spermatozoa, and ventricular canal membranes of the brain and spinal cord. The distribution of cilia in the bronchi at all levels of the airway varies, with the largest number in the large airways and fewer in the small airways, and no ciliated structures in the alveolar sacs and alveoli. Each ciliated cell has about 200 cilia, with a diameter of 0.1-0.2 μm and a length of 3-7 μm. Each cilia includes a body, a base and a crown, and is circular in cross section under electron microscopy, with a central pair of central microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of peripheral microtubules uniformly at the periphery, called the 92 axial cord microtubule structure.