Ulcerative colitis is the abbreviation for chronic nonspecific ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the rectum and colon of unknown origin. The main clinical manifestations are diarrhea, mucopurulent stools, abdominal pain and urgency. The disease varies in severity and is recurrent or prolonged with a chronic course. The disease can occur at any age, with 20-50 years old being the most common. There is no significant difference in the incidence between men and women. The disease is more common in Europe and the United States, but the incidence in China is low, and the disease is generally mild. 1, etiology 1, autoimmune: the disease is mostly complicated by nodular erythema, arthritis, uveitis, iritis and other autoimmune intestinal manifestations, adrenocorticotropic hormone treatment can make the disease remission, in some patients, anti-colonial epithelial cell antibodies can be detected in the serum, it is believed that the occurrence of the disease and autoimmune reaction may be related. 2, allergic reactions: there is information that during the active period of ulcerative colitis, the mast cells of the intestinal wall increase, the cells are stimulated to release a large number of histamine, resulting in intestinal wall congestion, edema, smooth muscle spasm, mucosal erosion and ulceration, this is related to the acute onset or sudden relapse, is a rapid hypersensitivity reaction, this allergic reaction of the intestinal wall may be the local manifestation of the disease. 3, genetic: the incidence of this disease in the blood family is high, about 5-15% of the relatives of patients have this disease, and there are significant differences in the incidence between races, suggesting that genetic factors play a role in the development of the disease. 4, infection: the pathological changes and clinical manifestations of the disease and colon infectious diseases such as bacterial dysentery are similar. Therefore, infection has long been considered the cause of the disease, but so far failed to identify the causative bacteria, viruses or fungi. 5, neuropsychiatric factors: It has been suggested that depression and anxiety may be related to the occurrence and recurrence of the disease, but recent clinical data indicate that the disease is not more common in people with a history of mental abnormalities or trauma than in the general population. In conclusion, the occurrence of this disease may be the result of the interaction between immune and genetic factors and exogenous stimuli. The first of these is the fact that the patient’s body is not a part of the body. Foreign reports are seen in 15% of patients, but rare in China. The common triggers are massive application of anticholinergic drugs, narcotics and hypokalemia. The clinical presentation is a rapid deterioration of the disease. Toxemia is evident with enlargement of the colonic lumen, causing acute colonic dilatation, bulging bowel, abdominal pressure pain, and loss of bowel sounds. The prognosis of this complication is very poor. It is easy to cause acute intestinal perforation, acute diffuse peritonitis, etc. 2, colon cancer: foreign reports of this disease about 5-10% of the occurrence of cancer, the domestic incidence is low. Carcinoma mainly occurs in heavy cases, the lesions involve the whole colon and patients with a long course of disease. 3.Colon large out: the incidence is about 3%, mostly seen in severe type and fulminant form. Treatment In recent years, comprehensive medical treatment is mainly used to control acute attacks, reduce recurrence and prevent complications. 1, general treatment: acute attacks, especially heavy and fulminant should be hospitalized, timely correction of water and electrolyte balance disorders, if significant malnutrition hypoproteinemia can be transfused whole blood or serum albumin. Heavy cases should be fasted, given intravenous high nutrition therapy, and given liquid diet or easy to digest, less fiber, rich nutrition diet as appropriate after the condition improves. If the abdominal pain is obvious, small doses of antispasmodics such as atropine and prulbenecid can be given, but should prevent the induction of toxic megacolon. 2, hydantoin azo sulfonamides: generally hydantoin azo sulfonamide pyridine (referred to as SASP) as the drug of choice, for light or heavy adrenal glucocorticoid treatment has been remission, the efficacy is better. This drug is broken down in the colon by enterobacteria into 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulfapyridine, the former being the main effective component to eliminate inflammation. The dosing method is 4-6g per day in 4 oral doses during the exacerbation period and then changed to 2g per day in oral doses for 1-2 years after the remission of the disease. It is also advocated that the above maintenance dose should be used for 2 weeks and stopped for 1 week, and so on alternately for 1-2 years to prevent relapse. The side effects of sulfonamide such as nausea, vomiting, skin rash, leukopenia and hemolytic reaction should be observed during the dosing period. 3. Adrenal glucocorticoid: It is suitable for fulminant or heavy patients and can control inflammation, suppress autoimmune process and reduce toxic symptoms. Commonly used hydrocortisone 200-300mg, or dexamethasone 10mg daily intravenous drip, the course of treatment 7-10 days, after the symptoms are relieved, switch to prednisolone, 40-60mg daily, divided into four oral, after the disease control, decreasing the amount of drugs, after stopping the drug can be given salicylate azosulfapyridine After discontinuation of the drug, the hair is free from recurrence. 4, azathioprine: immunosuppressant, for chronic recurrent patients, or with sulfonamide and hormone treatment is ineffective. The drug is 1.5 mg per kg of body weight per day, divided into oral doses, the course of treatment for 1 year. Side effects are mainly bone marrow suppression and concurrent infections. 5, antibiotics: for fulminant and heavy cases to control secondary infection, gentamicin, ampicillin, methotrexate and other treatments are available. 6.Enema therapy: It is suitable for patients with mild lesions limited to rectum and left colon. Commonly used hydrocortisone 100mg dissolved in 0.25% procaine solution 100ml, or Ringer’s solution 100ml reserved enema, once a day, the course of treatment 1-2 months. Alternatively, sodium hydrocortisone succinate 100 mg and dexamethasone 5 mg in 100 ml of saline retention enema can be used. Or add SASP 1-2g enema, but SASP enema solution is unstable and must be freshly prepared before use. In addition, there are reports of the efficacy of enemas with Chinese medicine. 7.Surgical treatment: Complicated cancer, intestinal perforation, abscesses and fistulas, toxic megacolon are all indications for surgery after ineffective medical treatment. Generally, total colectomy or ileostomy is performed.