1. Varicella-zoster virus causes disease Herpes zoster is an acute infectious skin disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Children who are not immune to this virus are infected and develop chickenpox. Some patients become infected and become carriers without developing symptoms. Because the virus is neurophilic, it can be latent in the neurons of the posterior root ganglion of the spinal nerve for a long time after infection. When the resistance is low or when you are tired, infected, or have a cold, the virus can grow and multiply again and move along the nerve fibers to the skin, causing intense inflammation of the invaded nerves and skin. The rash is usually unilateral and distributed by nerve segments, with clusters of herpes consisting of pain; the older the age, the more severe the neuralgia. The disease occurs in adults and is more common in the spring and fall. The incidence of the disease increases significantly with age. (1) Varicella-zoster uveitis Varicella-zoster uveitis, which can be congenital or acquired, causes an acute retinal necrosis syndrome that has become an important blinding eye disease. Isolation and culture of varicella-zoster virus from infected tissue can establish the diagnosis. Slit lamp examination can reveal anterior uveal lesions; fundus fluorescence angiography can reveal retinal vasculitis, the corresponding characteristic changes of retinal neovascular optic discitis. (2) Herpes zoster of the eyelid Herpes zoster of the eyelid typically occurs in clusters of blister-like rashes in the area of the skin distribution of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve-ocular nerve (frontal nerve, lacrimal nerve, and nasociliary nerve) or branches of the third main branch (less common). However, it does not cross the central boundary of the lid and nose, but is confined to one side only. Herpes zoster of the eyelid is a more serious eyelid disease caused by varicella-zoster virus infection. It is mostly seen in middle-aged and elderly patients. It rarely recurs after cure and is lifelong immune. (3) Ear herpes zoster Ear herpes zoster, also known as RamseyHunt syndrome or Hunt syndrome because it was first described by RamseyHunt in 1907, is a disease caused by varicella-zoster virus infection. It is a specific group of symptoms caused by herpes virus infection of the facial nerve geniculate ganglion, mainly manifested as severe pain in one ear, ear herpes, and may appear as ipsilateral peripheral facial paralysis with hearing and balance disorders, so it is also called geniculate ganglion syndrome. Herpes simplex is caused by the herpes simplex virus, which mostly invades the mucosal junction of the skin, and the rash is a limited cluster of small blisters. Humans are the natural hosts of herpes simplex virus; the oral cavity, skin, eyes, perineum, and nervous system are the vulnerable sites. (1) Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection is most common in premature infants, but can also occur in full-term infants. Lesions often involve multiple organs throughout the body. Herpes simplex virus is a double-stranded DNA virus, which can be divided into two types: type I mainly causes herpes of the skin and mucous membrane of the lips, perioral, gingiva and pharynx; type II causes genital herpes. HSV infection is mostly caused by type II in newborns and occasionally by type I. HSV has the characteristics of long-term latency, recurrent attacks and neurophilia. (2) Pregnancy combined with genital herpes genital herpes, also known as herpes vulvae, is a sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes simplex virus. The disease is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, and patients and asymptomatic carriers are the main source of infection. The disease is highly contagious, with sexual contact accounting for 70-90% of transmission. The disease is serious and has a high recurrence rate. There is no specific treatment for the disease, which can also cause female infertility, miscarriage or premature birth, and neonatal death. The disease starts with a burning sensation at the site, followed by erythema; soon 3-10 red papules occur in clusters on top of the erythema, accompanied by itching; the papules quickly turn into small blisters, which turn into pustules after 3-5 days and form large vesicles and ulcers after breaking down, with self-conscious pain, and finally crusting and healing. The entire course of the disease can last about 20 days. Recurrent genital herpes occurs within 1-4 months after the primary episode. Recurrences tend to occur in the vulva, vagina, cervix and glans. Systemic symptoms are milder than in the primary, and the duration of each episode is shorter, with lesions usually fading in about 10 days. Recurrent genital herpes urethral onset is less common. (3) Genital herpes genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), mainly HSV-2 and rarely HSV-1. It is one of the common sexually transmitted diseases. Genital herpes can recur and has a major impact on the health and psychological well-being of patients; it can also infect newborns through the placenta and birth canal, leading to congenital infection in newborns. Therefore, this disease is also one of the more serious public health problems, should pay attention to its effective prevention and treatment. (4) Herpes simplex uveitis is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) invading the body and causing uveitis through direct invasion or through an induced immune response. Clinically, it can present as anterior uveitis or posterior uveitis. Anterior uveitis may or may not be accompanied by keratitis, and posterior uveitis manifests mainly as retinitis or acute retinal necrosis syndrome. (5) Oral herpes simplex Herpes simplex is a disease of the skin and mucous membranes caused by the herpes simplex virus. According to statistics, more than 1/3 of the world’s population has suffered from recurrent herpes stomatitis, and 30-90% of the surveyed subjects have anti-herpes simplex virus antibodies present in their serum, indicating that they have had or are having herpes simplex virus infection. (6) Herpes simplex encephalitis Herpes simplex encephalitis is the most common viral infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the herpes simplex virus. It often involves the temporal lobe, frontal lobe and limbic system of the brain, causing hemorrhagic necrosis of brain tissue and metabolic brain damage.