Gallbladder polyp is a general term for a type of lesion in which the wall of the gallbladder bulges into the lumen in a polyp-like manner, also known as “gallbladder augmentation lesion”. Clinically, gallbladder polyps include mucosal polyp-like hyperplasia caused by inflammation of gallbladder, polyp-like changes caused by degeneration of gallbladder mucosal cells, adenomatous polyps of gallbladder and polyp-like gallbladder cancer. There are benign polyps and malignant polyps in the pathology of gallbladder polyps. Benign gallbladder polyps are divided into two categories: benign neoplastic polyps and pseudotumor polyps; while pseudotumor polyps include cholesterol polyps, inflammatory polyps, adenomyomatosis of gallbladder, and tissue ectopic polyps. Adenomatous polyps of the gallbladder are potentially precancerous lesions and are associated with the development of gallbladder cancer. In contrast, pseudotumoral polyps such as cholesterol polyps, inflammatory polyps and adenomyomatous gallbladder tumors are not cancerous. The main concern is to determine the benignity and malignancy of gallbladder polyps so as to achieve early detection of malignant lesions and precancerous lesions and early surgical removal. Risk factors and surgical indications for malignant gallbladder polyps (1) Size of gallbladder polyps Most scholars have concluded that the size of gallbladder polyps is related to their benignity and malignancy. Small gallbladder polyps (<10 mm in diameter) have been found to be mostly benign and can remain unchanged for many years. For large gallbladder polyps, malignant lesions are indicated. (2) Age The average age and diameter of gallbladder polyps in patients with gallbladder polyps and gallbladder adenomas are significantly older than in patients with non-neoplastic polyps. (3) Number and morphology of polyps Single, broad-based polyps are prone to carcinogenesis. Malignant lesions of gallbladder polyps tend to occur in older, solitary, large gallbladder polyps. (4) Whether gallbladder stones are combined with gallbladder cancer The relationship between gallbladder cancer and gallbladder stones is relatively clear, and some gallbladder cancer patients can be combined with gallbladder stones at the same time. Therefore, the presence of stones increases the risk of gallbladder carcinogenesis. (5) The presence of concomitant clinical symptoms Malignant gallbladder polyps are more likely to have concomitant clinical symptoms. Combining the above risk factors for malignant gallbladder polyps, for young patients with gallbladder polyps, surgery is not necessary if the polyps are small in diameter (defined as 10 mm) and completely asymptomatic; for young patients with gallbladder polyps, conservative treatment is possible if the polyps are small in diameter and only have dyspeptic symptoms (abdominal distension, belching, etc.). For patients with significant biliary colic, especially with gallstones, cholecystectomy should be performed; for patients with polyps >10mm in diameter and risk factors for gallbladder polyp malignancy, early cholecystectomy should be performed. For patients with polyps <10 mm in diameter and no risk factors for malignant gallbladder polyps, they can be observed and ultrasonography can be performed regularly.