Lumbar disc herniation is one of the more common lumbar disorders in clinical practice, and is a common and frequent disease in orthopaedics and traumatology. The lumbar intervertebral disc exists between the vertebrae of the lumbar spine and is a component of the lumbar spine joint, which plays the role of support, connection and buffer for the lumbar vertebrae, and is shaped like a flattened abacus bead, consisting of three parts: nucleus pulposus, cartilage end plate and fibrous ring. When the nucleus pulposus is prolapsed due to posterior convexity or fracture of the annulus fibrosus caused by trauma or degeneration, it is called a lumbar disc herniation. Since the spinal cord passes behind the intervertebral disc, when the herniated disc presses on the spinal nerve or cauda equina nerve, causing back and leg pain or incontinence, or even paralysis, it is called lumbar disc herniation. The history of a herniated lumbar disc is often one of recurrent lower back pain and hip pain, relieved by short-term rest. The pain may be suddenly aggravated by bending over, manifesting as sudden leg pain that is more intense than lumbar pain. Leg pain that is comparable to or more severe than low back pain is radiating pain caused by the herniated nucleus pulposus compressing nerve roots. Pain due to a herniated disc is usually intermittent, worsening with activity, especially in the sitting position, relieving after rest, especially when bending, flexing the hip or knee, and worsening with exertion, sneezing, or coughing. Other symptoms of a herniated disc include decreased muscle strength and sensory abnormalities. In most patients, muscle weakness is intermittent, changes with activity, and is limited to the innervated area of the involved nerve root. Sensory abnormalities also vary and are limited to the innervation area of the involved nerve root. Numbness, decreased muscle strength, and occasional pain in the groin area or testicles in the involved leg may be associated with a central or high disc herniation. If the herniated disc is large or high, symptoms of total cauda equina compression may occur, namely numbness, decreased muscle strength, perianal pain, numbness in the perineal region and paralysis of the extensor muscles in both lower extremities. This diagnosis should be considered first in patients with sudden urinary and fecal incontinence. When cauda equina syndrome or acute central disc herniation is suspected, active diagnosis and treatment should be made. The cause of lumbar disc herniation may have both internal and external causes. The internal cause is mainly degenerative changes of the lumbar disc, while the external cause is trauma, strain or overwork, etc. The degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc refer to its lack of nutritional supply and weak repair ability. In daily life, the intervertebral disc is squeezed, pulled and twisted by various aspects, which makes the nucleus pulposus, fibrous ring and cartilage end plate of the intervertebral disc gradually aging, resulting in easy rupture of the fibrous ring and causing disc protrusion. In external factors, such as long-term sitting and bumpy state, the lumbar intervertebral disc under excessive pressure, can lead to disc degeneration and protrusion; or long-term bending work, when the lumbar spine load exceeds a certain limit, can lead to disc fibrous ring rupture nucleus pulposus protrusion; or when the lumbar injury, bruises, flash back, the lumbar spine nucleus pulposus moves backward, resulting in disc backward protrusion.