Some scholars pointed out at the end of the last century that “the situation of diabetes in this century will be the same as that of AIDS in the last 20 years of the 20th century, and its epidemic is the disaster of modern civilization”. The current situation in China cannot be ignored, as the 1996 epidemiological survey showed that the prevalence of diabetes in the Chinese population was 3.21%, while in Shanghai it reached 10.6%. According to the natural course of diabetes, about 35-45% of type 1 diabetics develop diabetic nephropathy 20 years after onset, leading to end-stage renal failure, while type 2 diabetics tend to develop at the age of 40-60, often accompanied by a variety of macrovascular diseases, and may die of fatal macrovascular disease before renal failure occurs. Compared to the non-diabetic population, the prevalence of coronary heart disease is 2-4 times higher, MI is 10 times higher, stroke is 3-4 times higher, and lower limb or foot gangrene is 15 times higher in the diabetic population. The risk of death from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is 42% higher, the risk of death from missed diabetes is 77% higher, and the risk of death from confirmed diabetes is 111% higher. Patients with diabetes are not only susceptible to atherosclerosis, but also tend to have additional risk factors for atherosclerosis, especially hypertension (40-60%), hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Case-control studies and prospective epidemiological studies have found a 2- to 6-fold increased risk of stroke and a 3-fold higher rate of death from first ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes. Patients with impaired fasting glucose [fasting glucose 110-125 mg/dL (6.11-6.94 mmol)] have a 2-fold increased risk of stroke, and this risk increases with higher fasting glucose. Hypertension in diabetic patients should be carefully managed, and both the SHEP and HOPE trials demonstrated a reduction in stroke in diabetics with well-controlled blood pressure, with the benefit from ramipril treatment outweighing the reduction in blood pressure. Moreover, in diabetic patients, tight blood pressure control is more effective in reducing microvascular complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy.