Epilepsy is a transient disorder of neurological function caused by abnormal discharges of neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex. We often see or hear about seizures in our lives, such as a patient who has a seizure. For example, a patient has a seizure, or what we often refer to in our daily lives as a goat’s horn, a sudden jerking up of the limbs, and then drooling and foaming at the mouth, and some patients even wet their pants. You may have seen these before, or even had seizures in some patients, but this is only one type of seizure that we see. There are many types of seizures, such as freezing. Some patients are eating and others are talking, and they suddenly freeze and their chopsticks fall to the ground, which is actually a form of seizure. There is another kind of seizure that we may not notice, and that is during childhood, especially when they are just born or when they are one or two or two or three years old, children often shake their hands, do a hug position, and then they are fine. So as you can see, it’s like what’s depicted in this picture. Seizures are divided into generalized seizures and partial seizures. In the case of a generalized seizure, the patient suddenly loses consciousness and has twitching of the limbs, as we said. Partial seizures, for example, like a shaking hand, a twitch at the corner of the mouth, or a lifting of the arms, etc. The cause of seizures is abnormal discharge in the brain. In this picture, the red color represents abnormal discharges, and as the disease progresses, the discharges become more and more widespread and affect more and more people. If the discharge is only the size of a small red dot like the middle picture, it may be a partial seizure. For example, if the red dot is in the temporal lobe, the seizure would be in the form of disorientation and smacking of the lips. However, if the discharges are larger and affect one or even both hemispheres, the seizure may be a grand mal seizure, loss of consciousness, or even a large convulsion.