Bladder mucosal leukoplakia is a clinically observed phenomenon that presents as a white patchy elevation of the bladder mucosal surface, mostly seen in the female bladder triangle. Pathological observation of this leukoplakia under a microscope reveals that the uroepithelial cells covering the bladder transform into squamous epithelial cells and may be accompanied by keratinization. Thus, bladder mucosal leukoplakia and bladder uroepithelial squamous metaplasia mean about the same thing. The exact cause of bladder mucosal leukoplakia is unknown and may be related to chronic urinary tract infections and other physical and chemical irritants. Patients may present with urinary tract symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency and hematuria, and confirmation of the diagnosis relies mainly on pathological diagnosis after biopsy. It was previously thought that bladder mucosal leukoplakia had a tendency to become malignant, but recent studies have shown that malignancy is very unlikely. Treatment is mainly through minimally invasive transurethral surgery to remove the mucosa of the lesion.