Arthroscopy is the application of minimally invasive surgery in the field of orthopaedics. Through minimally invasive incisions using small diameter lenses and related instruments can be used to directly observe and treat structures and lesions within the joints, which is a development trend of modern surgery. Arthroscopy technology originated in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century and has been developed and improved in Europe and the United States since the 1970s. As a modern diagnostic and therapeutic method integrating diagnosis, examination and treatment, this technique has been introduced in China since the 1980s and has become quite mature in terms of surgical techniques. Meanwhile, due to the advantages of less trauma, less pain, early recovery, fast functional recovery and easy acceptance, the popularization rate of arthroscopy is also increasing in China. Arthroscope composition, application field The basic structure of arthroscope is an optical system, the center is connected to the optical fiber for image collection rod mirror system, outside is a metal protective sheath, the lens part of the diameter of about 5 mm. through the skin of the small incision will be put into the joint arthroscope, and can be through the image display equipment to directly observe the structure of the joints and lesions, the corresponding diagnosis of the disease; and at the same time, can use the corresponding surgical instruments to the joint disease lesions, the corresponding diagnosis of the disease, and can also be used for the surgery. At the same time, the corresponding surgical instruments can be used to treat the joint lesions, avoiding the large trauma caused by arthrotomy. Arthroscopy was mainly used for the diagnosis and treatment of knee joint related diseases in the early stage. Since there is no need to cut open the joint and basically do not damage or change the relationship between the tissues and structures inside the joint, it can reproduce the internal structure of the joint in a more primitive way, and it is easier to accurately locate and deal with the lesions of each part of the structure. At present, there is also a wide range of applications in the hip joint, shoulder and elbow joints, ankle joints and small finger joints. The composition of the human knee joint and some common diseases The normal human knee joint is composed of the thigh bone (femur), calf bone (tibial fibula), kneecap (patella) and the surrounding soft tissue. Inside the joint there are meniscus, ligaments, etc. These structures are equivalent to shims, connecting rods, etc. inside a machine, and they are also very important for the normal movement of the joint. The synovial membrane is the lining tissue of the joint, which secretes joint fluid for lubrication. Meniscus injuries mostly occur in young people who love sports, usually play basketball, soccer, running and other sports, the chance of injury is large, some patients may be just a minor collision in daily life or there is no clear reason for meniscus injuries, after the injury will be joint pain, swelling and other discomforts, affecting the normal function of the joints; synovial tissue inflammation, hyperplasia (eg, joint infections, hyperpigmentation) Choroidal nodular synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis synovial lesions, etc.), there will be localized thermal swelling of the joints, pain and other discomforts; synovial chondrosarcoma, intra-articular bony residue detachment, etc. to form intra-articular free body, it will be in the joints of various gaps to travel, causing joint pain, and sometimes the joints are stuck resulting in the inability to move in the short term, and the symptoms will recur, affecting the normal activities. Indications: The following let give us a specific understanding of which conditions are suitable for arthroscopic surgery. 1.Acute joint injury. Injuries caused by external impact, fall or strenuous exercise, such as swelling of the joints and blood accumulation in the joints, can be cleaned up by arthroscopy of hematoma in the joints; if the examination reveals that there are meniscus tears and ruptures, the meniscus can be repaired and mended through arthroscopy to relieve the pain. Cruciate ligament injury is common in sprains during strenuous exercise, including partial rupture and complete rupture; some patients have ligament injury, but the swelling and pain may disappear after resting for a period of time, and no further examination is done and no attention is paid to it, but the joints may feel unstable in normal activities, etc., which belongs to the obsolete injuries; no matter it is an acute or obsolete ligament injury, ligament reconstruction can be carried out through autologous tendon grafting to restore the stability and function of the joints. Restore the stability and function of the joint. Knee pain. Unexplained joint pain can be dynamically examined under the direct vision of arthroscope and corresponding treatments can be made. For those who have painful synovial tissue hyperplasia, resection is feasible, and the surrounding ligaments and adhesive tissues can be loosened to alleviate the pain and dysfunction caused by the tension and pulling of the soft tissues. 3.Infection in the joint. Through the arthroscope for inspection, irrigation treatment, with the use of antibiotics can be completely cured, eliminate joint swelling and pain symptoms. 4.Arthritis. Traumatic arthritis or senile degenerative arthritis can be improved to a certain extent by proper cleaning within the joints; rheumatoid arthritis can be removed from the synovium under the microscope to improve the symptoms of joint swelling and pain. 5.Others. Such as intra-articular free body, acute joint sprain, patellar subluxation, etc., can also be dealt with through arthroscopic corresponding surgical operation techniques. Advantages of arthroscopic surgery: 1, light reaction. Minimally invasive surgery, postoperative pain and other reactions are small, the patient is easy to tolerate, easy to accept. 2, aesthetic. Surgical incision is small, can be completed through the length of about 1cm incision, can be significantly less surgical scars without affecting the aesthetic, and generally do not need to remove the stitches, to reduce the patient to come to the hospital again to remove the stitches of the trouble. 3.Small interference. Little interference with the joint structure, basically no effect on the surrounding muscles, ligaments and other soft tissues, postoperative trauma reaction is light, greatly reducing the impact of postoperative scar tissue on joint function. 4.Fast recovery. Early after the operation, you can get out of bed and carry out the corresponding rehabilitation exercises, especially for the elderly patients, get up early and get out of bed to avoid all kinds of serious complications caused by prolonged bed rest. Short hospitalization time (most patients are hospitalized for about one week), which greatly saves patients’ time. 5. More precise and reasonable operation. Arthroscopic surgery can accomplish some surgical operations that cannot be accomplished under open surgery due to the limitation of observation and operation space. Such as some parts of the meniscus part of the resection and suture surgery, disk cartilage meniscus shaped plastic surgery, etc., only in the arthroscope can be completed. The open surgery will inevitably remove the meniscus, which has been considered by many as an unreasonable surgery, because the total removal of the meniscus will inevitably lead to joint instability and joint degeneration. 6. Fewer complications. Complications of arthroscopic surgery are relatively few and mostly minor. Some patients may experience mild dizziness, headache, etc., and most patients will recover about 1 day after surgery. Postoperative pain is generally mild and can be tolerated without pain relief in most patients. Some patients have slight localized swelling in the joints, which does not affect the joint function and will return to normal within a short period of time after surgery. Adhesions after arthrotomy are rare in arthroscopic surgery. Anesthesia and Surgery Arthroscopic surgery is usually performed under hemianesthesia (below the waist), and the patient is awake during the surgery. The patient is awake during the procedure. The patient is able to have some communication with the surgeon during the operation and can see the inside of the joint and the surgical procedure on a monitor. During the operation, a small incision (about 0.8-1cm) is made on each side of the knee. One incision is used to insert an arthroscope to observe the inside of the joint, and an inlet tube is connected to inject sterile fluid into the joint to make the inside of the joint open up and make the view clearer, which is conducive to the operation; the other incision is used to insert the other necessary instruments for checking and operation; and a third incision may be added if necessary, etc. The operation usually takes about 10 to 15 minutes, and the patient can communicate with the surgeon. The general operation time is about 30 minutes to 1 hour, such as joint exploration, free body removal, synovial cleaning and other operations are relatively short; the operation time is slightly longer for more complicated diseases, such as cruciate ligament injuries and so on. With the above understanding of arthroscopy, let’s further recognize it through a few real cases. Ms. Li, 24 years old, had an arthrotomy for synovial membrane cleaning 6 years ago due to hyperpigmented villous nodule synovitis, and now there is a scar about 15cm long in front of her knee; due to the nature of the disease and now it is recurring again, she underwent arthroscopic cleaning in our hospital and resumed her normal activities very soon after the operation, and she said that the pain is less than that of the previous operation, and she has a quick recovery and it’s beautiful, and if she had done arthroscopy for the previous operation, she would not have left an ugly scar. If the previous surgery had been done arthroscopically, it would not have left unsightly scars. Mr. Wang, 26 years old, likes all kinds of ball games. 2 months ago, he sprained his right knee while playing basketball, and felt pain at that time, and gradually developed joint swelling, uncomfortable activities, after resting for a period of time, although the pain was reduced, but he felt that his knee was unstable when he walked, and he came to the hospital for examination and diagnosis of rupture of anterior cruciate ligament, and he did the reconstruction of cruciate ligament under the arthroscope. strength, and knee stability, Mr. Wang was very satisfied. Ms. Fu, 31 years old, accidentally sprained her right knee at home 15 days ago, felt knee pain at that time, and dared not move, came to the hospital for magnetic resonance examination suggesting meniscus injury, physical examination also showed pain on the outside of the knee, and was admitted to the hospital for arthroscopic meniscus repair, and she was able to get out of bed two days after the operation, and was discharged from the hospital on the third day. In conclusion, arthroscopy, with its advantages of minimally invasive, low pain, low cost and easy acceptance by patients, has gradually become an indispensable means of diagnosis and treatment in both domestic and foreign medical fields, and its efficacy is certain, generally at the level of the patient’s ability to pay, and it has received favorable comments from a lot of patients, and it is gradually becoming more and more recognized and accepted by more and more people, and its value will be continually embodied.