How is gynecological endocrinology treated?

  The specialty of gynecologic endocrinology is a cutting-edge discipline that mainly covers infertility, menstrual diseases, menopause-related diseases and abnormalities of sexual development. Among them, certain diseases involve surgical treatment, and this paper mainly discusses some of them with gynecological endocrine characteristics, mainly including the following: 1. Features of laparoscopic gonadectomy in various cases: abnormal sexual development is a large category of gynecological endocrine diseases, but because of its low incidence, different types, complex pathogenesis and other problems, rather the majority of gynecologists cannot make correct clinical diagnosis and treatment. Among them, patients with abnormal sex development containing Y chromosome and female gender need to remove the gonads in the abdominal cavity to avoid the development of cancer. Previously, they were removed by transabdominal surgery. Since one type of gonad is located in the inguinal canal and cannot be found in the abdominal cavity and vulva, it needs to be operated in a special way, which is very difficult even for transabdominal surgery.  2, vulvoplasty: clitoral reduction and repositioning with preservation of blood vessels and nerves: the operation is characterized by the abandonment of the defects of simple clitoral excision, by separating the skin and preserving the blood vessels and nerves of the clitoris, ensuring that the surviving clitoral head still has sensation and improving the quality of the patient’s sexual life. The operator was introduced to this type of surgery in 1998 and further refined the surgical steps based on gradual familiarity. The procedure is divided into 3 stages: (1) separation of the clitoral skin, (2) freeing the clitoral vessels and nerves, (3) excision of the clitoral corpus cavernosum and implantation of the clitoral head just below the pubic arch. Finally, the remaining skin is made into labia minora and the severed ends are sutured.  3, laparoscopic oophorectomy in different cases: the usual oophorectomy for the use of monopolar electrocoagulation at the end of the hydrocele to make all the openings, called stoma or open window surgery, not only does not help to restore the function of the umbilical end to complete the capture of eggs, and because of monopolar electrocoagulation destroyed the local tissue rather residual umbilical end function further damage. The surgeon selects the end of the hydrocele and takes the weakest and transparent part of it tonally or sharply (using scissors and avoiding the use of monopolar electrocoagulation) to separate it and try to preserve the residual parietal tissue, after separating the end of the hydrocele sufficiently, the tissue of the broken end is turned over to form an appearance similar to that of the original parietal end.  4.Laparoscopic modified myomectomy: Usually myomectomy requires transabdominal surgery to remove part of the local lesion in a wedge shape, but the myoadenopathy tissue on both sides of the wedge still remains, so the recurrence rate is high and the symptom relief is unsatisfactory after surgery. The operator used a transverse incision under laparoscopy to separate the plasma membrane layer of the uterus from the myxoma tissue, find out the relative limits, remove the myxoma lesion completely, and use a unique suture to close the round spherical tumor cavity left after the removal, after the operation, the patient’s symptoms basically disappeared, and the longest follow-up period was 2 years, with normal menstruation, no dysmenorrhea, and normal uterine size. The operator believes that this surgical approach removes the lesions completely and can eliminate problems such as dysmenorrhea that seriously affect the quality of life of women.  5.Laparoscopic total hysterectomy: this type of surgery is the most likely to cause injury in gynecological lumpectomy, especially when dealing with uterine arteries and main ligaments, which can easily cause damage to the ureter, and when dealing with bladder peritoneal reflexion, which can easily cause damage to the bladder. To avoid these complications, the operator opens the anterior and posterior lobes of the broad ligament when dealing with the uterine arteries and clearly separates the uterine vessels before cutting them off. And when dealing with bladder peritoneal reflexion, the position of opening is given importance, less bleeding and easy to grasp.  6, hand-assisted laparoscopic techniques: in gynecological laparoscopic techniques, which have not been reported in China, the operator applied for the first time. Usually for serious pelvic adhesions the operation needs to be changed to open surgery to achieve the purpose of separating adhesions. The operator used a small suprapubic incision (1.5 cm) to access one finger while fixing the position of the uterus from the vagina in conjunction with the separation of severe adhesions, and the majority of patients avoided open surgery and successfully separated the pelvic adhesions. And a small transverse incision on the pubic bone can be extended to both sides when changing to open surgery.  7.Laparoscopic removal of huge ovarian cysts: the difficulty of the operation is increased by the huge cysts that affect the laparoscopic field of view, and at the same time the cysts take time to remove the cyst skin under the laparoscope. The operator used a simple method to pull the cyst outside the abdominal cavity and perform resection, significantly shortening the operation time while avoiding ovarian damage due to electrocoagulation. The method is simple, ovarian function is protected to the greatest extent, and the operation time is significantly shorter and less difficult.  8.Uterine fibroid removal: It is a routine operation, but the use of anti-adhesion measures should be emphasized for infertile patients. The operator uses different anti-adhesion drugs to avoid sequelae due to surgery. At the same time, the operator’s laparoscopic techniques of knot tying, needle removal and suturing are unique, practical and innovative.  9.Surgical technique of pelvic adhesions separation and rational application of anti-adhesion measures: pelvic adhesions are an important factor in infertility patients, and how to fully separate the adhesions and preserve the function of the oviducts and ovaries at the same time is the key and difficult point in infertility surgery. The surgeon separates the adhesions thoroughly and restores the function of the oviducts well, while focusing on the prevention of re-adhesions.  10, laparoscopic drug hemostasis method: infertility surgery focused on restoring the function of the oviduct and avoiding further damage. The usual method of hemostasis is electrocoagulation, but for bleeding from the umbilical end of the oviduct or oozing blood near the ureter is not suitable for electrocoagulation, so the operator tried laparoscopic local hemostasis for the first time in China, and with reasonable selection of indications, satisfactory hemostasis was achieved.