Glomerular diseases are a group of kidney diseases with clinical symptoms such as proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension and edema, and are one of the main causes of chronic renal failure in China. According to the etiology, it can be divided into 3 major categories: primary, secondary and hereditary. Primary glomerular diseases mostly have unknown causes; secondary glomerular diseases refer to kidney damage secondary to systemic diseases, such as lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, etc.; hereditary glomerular diseases refer to glomerular diseases caused by genetic mutations, such as Alport syndrome, etc. The diagnosis is made not only by asking the patient’s medical history and careful physical examination, but also by repeated blood and urine related examinations and even kidney biopsy. Due to the wide variety of renal diseases and the complex etiology and pathogenesis, the clinical manifestations of many renal diseases are not completely consistent with the histological changes of the kidney. For example, the clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome, the pathology can present as microscopic lesions, mild lesions, mild thylakoid hyperplasia, membranous nephropathy, membranoproliferative nephritis, focal segmental sclerosis, and other changes, and the treatment options and the outcome of their development vary greatly. In addition, the histopathological changes of renal disease are inconsistent in different periods of development. For example, the same IgA nephropathy can manifest pathologically in almost all stages of development from near normal renal tissue to sclerosis of most glomeruli. Therefore, understanding the histomorphological alterations of the kidney provides an important basis for clinicians in judging the condition, treating the disease and estimating the prognosis. It can be said that the development of renal puncture biopsy examination is a leap forward in the development of nephrology. At present, the results of renal pathology examination have become the golden indicator for the diagnosis of kidney diseases.