Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, which is characterized by synovial lesions, osteoarthritis is a disease characterized by bony enlargement and deformation of the joints. In addition to the bony hypertrophy of the joints, osteoarthritis is characterized by the narrowing of the joint space and the formation of bone spurs, which is why osteoarthritis is also known as “proliferative arthritis” and “osteophytes of the joints. The main initial cause of osteoarthritis is the wear and tear of the articular cartilage, which is also known as “degenerative arthritis” because of its association with age-related degeneration, but this name is controversial. This is controversial because many osteoarthritis have clear pathogenic factors and develop before old age, suggesting that their onset is not solely due to the degenerative process of aging. Theoretically, osteoarthritis can occur in all joints of the body, but in clinical practice, osteoarthritis most often affects joints that are subject to greater weight or force, such as the knee, cervical intervertebral joints, lumbar intervertebral joints, interphalangeal joints, and hip joints. Osteoarthritis of the knee joint is the most common in clinical practice. Patients mostly suffer from pain when walking up and down stairs or squatting, and have crushing sounds when flexing and extending the joint. Articular cartilage is the most important and characteristic component of a joint and cannot be regenerated after severe damage, which means that joint function cannot be fully restored. The basis of osteoarthritis is cartilage damage, which makes it difficult to treat. However, doctors and patients should not be discouraged. In the early stages of osteoarthritis, i.e., before the joint cartilage is severely damaged, medication is still very effective and can be used in combination with anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving drugs such as Fotarin, Cilabao and drugs that nourish joint cartilage, such as Vibramix and Gluco capsules. Sometimes topical medications can also be used, as many osteoarthritic joints are associated with aseptic inflammation of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, bursae, and other structures surrounding the joint. Arthroscopic surgery can sometimes be considered for osteoarthritis of the knee, which can flush cartilage fragments out of the body and can perform a lineage procedure on damaged cartilage. Arthroscopic surgery is less effective in patients with severe damage to the articular cartilage. In osteoarthritis of the knee with severe damage to the articular cartilage, joint deformation is evident and joint pain seriously affects the patient’s life, and artificial joint replacement surgery can be considered, and the results are mostly very satisfactory. In addition to medication and surgery, health care measures and rehabilitation guidance are also important, such as avoiding cold in the joint area, not overworking and especially not suddenly increasing the amount of exercise, and massage and physical therapy for the muscles in and around the joint to improve blood circulation and promote injury repair. It is important to protect the extension function of the knee joint and not to cause contracture and deformation of the knee joint in the bent knee position for a long time because of fear of pain. Finally, it should be noted that there must be a scientific and objective understanding of the treatment of osteoarthritis. As a doctor, you should not blindly exaggerate the treatment effect, nor should you have the “incurable theory of osteoarthritis”; as a patient, you should not expect too much from the treatment effect and hold unrealistic fantasies, but also do not be pessimistic and desperate.