[Definition of short stature].
Short stature refers to individuals of the same race, sex and age whose height is lower than the average height of the normal population by 2 standard deviations (-2SD) or lower than the 3rd percentile (-1.88SD) in a similar living environment, some of which are normal physiological variants, and for proper diagnosis, appropriate clinical observation and laboratory tests must be performed on children with growth retardation.
Etiology
There are many factors leading to short stature, including many interactions, and the mechanism of short stature caused by many diseases has not been clarified so far.
Diagnosis
Children with short stature must be examined comprehensively to clarify the causes and facilitate treatment.
I. Medical history
The following should be carefully investigated: the pregnancy of the child’s mother; the birth history of the child; the birth length and weight; the history of growth and development; the parents’ youth development and short stature in the family, etc.
Physical examination
In addition to the routine physical examination, the following should be correctly measured and recorded.
1. The measured value and percentile of current height and weight;
2.The annual growth rate of height (at least 3 months of observation);
3, target height measured from the height of the parents;
4.BMI value;
5.Sexual development stage.
III. Laboratory tests
1. Routine examination: blood and urine tests and liver and kidney function tests should be routinely performed; blood gas and electrolyte analysis are recommended for suspected renal tubular toxicity; karyotype analysis is required for girls; to exclude subclinical hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone levels should be routinely tested.
2.Bone Age (BA) determination: the development of bones throughout the growth and development process, is a good indicator to assess the development of the organism, bone age is the age of bone maturity, is the left wrist, metacarpal, finger bone orthopantomographs to observe the growth and development of its various ossification centers to determine. The most used methods at home and abroad are the G-P method (Greulich & Pyle) and the TW3 method (Tanner-Whitehouse), and the G-P method is mostly used in our clinic. Under normal circumstances, the difference between bone age and actual age should be between ±1 year, and being too far behind or too far ahead is considered abnormal.
3.Special examination
(1) Indications for special examination.
(1) Height is lower than the normal reference value minus 2 SD (or lower than the 3rd percentile);
②Bone age is more than 2 years below the actual age;
③ height growth rate below the 25th percentile (according to bone age), i.e. <7CM/rh for children <2 years old;
(iv) Those with clinical symptoms of endocrine disorders or dysmorphic syndrome;
(5) Those who need pituitary function examination for other reasons.
(2) Growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis (GH-IGF-1) function determination: the physiological screening tests such as exercise and sleep that were used in the past are rarely used now, and most of them directly use drug stimulation tests.
(3) Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) determination: the serum concentration of both increases with age and developmental process, and is related to nutrition and other factors, each laboratory should establish its own reference data.
(4) IGF-1 production test: For children with suspected GH resistance (Laron syndrome), this test can be used to detect GH receptor function.
(1) Method 1: rhGH was injected subcutaneously at 0.075-0.15U/(kg・d) every night for 1 week, and blood samples were collected once before and once on the 5th and 8th day after the injection to determine IGF-1;
Method 2: Subcutaneous rhGH was administered at 0.3 U/(kg・d) every night for 4 days, and blood samples were collected once before and once after the last injection for the determination of IGF-1.
(5) Testing of other endocrine hormones: Based on the clinical manifestations of the child, the child’s other hormone choices may be tested as needed.
(6) Imaging of hypothalamus and pituitary gland: MRI of the skull should be performed in all children with short stature to exclude the possibility of congenital developmental abnormalities or tumors.
(7) Karyotype analysis: Karyotype analysis should be performed in all children suspected of having chromosomal aberrations.
[Differential diagnosis
Based on medical history and physical examination, it is easy to identify short stature caused by malnutrition, psychosomatic family idiopathic short stature, small for gestational age, chronic systemic diseases, etc. The common causes of short stature should be identified, such as chondrodysplasia, hypothyroidism, and delayed somatic puberty. In addition, some syndromes, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, Silver-Russeli syndrome, Noonan syndrome, etc., should be identified.
Treatment
1.Treatment measures for children with short stature depend on their etiology: children with psychosomatic and renal tubular acidosis will see an increase in their height growth rate after the relevant factors are eliminated, and daily nutrition and sleep protection are closely related to normal growth and development.
2.Growth hormone: With the accumulation of experience in the clinical application of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), the number of diseases approved for treatment with rhGH is gradually increasing, and since the FDA approved rhGH for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency in 1985, the diseases approved one after another include chronic renal failure (1993), congenital ovarian hypoplasia (1996-1997), Prader-Willi syndrome (1996-1997), and the congenital ovarian hypoplasia. Prader-Willi syndrome (2000), small for gestational age (2001), and idiopathic short stature (2003).
Since most children younger than gestational age show catch-up growth in the first 2-3 years of life and can reach a growth curve proportional to their target height, they should be regularly followed up and observed. Generally, GH treatment should be considered at 3 weeks of age if their growth is still lagging. 2003 FDA approved GH for idiopathic short stature, namely.
(i) those with non-GH deficiency of unknown origin;
(2) The height is lower than the normal reference value of 2.25 SD or more for children of the same sex and age; (3) The lifetime height in adulthood is expected to be below -2SDS.
(1) Dosage forms available in China are rhGH powder and water, with the latter having a slightly better growth effect.
(2) The dose of growth hormone has a wide range and should be individually adjusted according to the need and the observed efficacy. At present, the commonly used dose in China is 0.1-0.15IU/kg・d, 0.23-0.35mg/kg per week; for children with pubertal development, children with Turner, children younger than fetal age, children with idiopathic short stature and some children with partial growth hormone deficiency, the applied dose is 0.15-0.20IU/(K.d), 0.35-0.46(J.K) per week (Note: WHO labeled growth hormone 1J=30). WHO labeled growth hormone 1J=30U).
(3) Usage: Subcutaneous injection once a night before bedtime, the usual injection site is the outer and anterior flank of the middle 1/2 of the thigh, and the injection site should be changed for each injection to avoid the denaturation of subcutaneous tissue due to repetition within a short period of time.
(4) Course of treatment: The course of growth hormone treatment for short stature depends on the need, usually should not be shorter than 1-2 years, too short when the child’s benefit to its lifelong high effect is not great.
(5) Side effects: The common side effects are.
(1) Hypothyroidism: often occurs 2-3 months after the start of injection and can be corrected by giving L-thyroxine tablets as needed;
(2) Altered glucose metabolism: Long-term use of large amounts of growth hormone may cause insulin resistance to occur in children. Fasting blood glucose and insulin levels may rise, but rarely exceed the normal high limit, and may recover after several months of growth hormone discontinuation;
(iii) Idiopathic benign intracranial pressure elevation: Growth hormone can cause nadir and water retention, and individual patients may experience idiopathic intracranial pressure elevation, peripheral edema and blood pressure elevation, which mostly occurs in children with chronic renal failure, Turner syndrome and GH deficiency-induced growth disorders;
④Antibody production: Due to the continuous improvement of preparation purity, the rate of antibody production has been reduced, and even less for aqueous preparations;
⑤ Femoral head slippage and necrosis: because of the accelerated growth and muscle strength of the bones after treatment, increased movement may cause femoral head slippage, aseptic necrosis, causing claudication, and also knee and hip pain with external rotation pathology, GH can be temporarily discontinued and treated with vitamin D and calcium tablets
(6) Local redness or rash of injection: usually disappears within a few days and can be continued, but it is now rare.
(7) The possibility of tumor induction: International organizations have conducted relevant research studies, and according to a large amount of epidemiological data from academic institutions such as the National Cooperative Growth Group and the Center for Drug Therapy Research, including a comprehensive analysis of population information such as age, gender and race of tumor patients, the results show that GH treatment does not increase the risk of leukemia occurrence and tumor recurrence in children without the presence of potential tumor risk factors, but for However, for those who have had tumor, have family genetic tendency of tumor occurrence and malformation syndrome, caution should be exercised when applying long-term supraphysiological dose of GH, and serum IGF-1 level should be closely monitored during the treatment process, and those who exceed the normal reference value +2SD should be temporarily discontinued.
3.Other drugs
(1) During the course of treatment, attention should be paid to the supplementation of calcium and trace elements for bone growth;
(2) Anabolic hormone: often used in combination with growth hormone to treat Turner syndrome, most domestic use stanozolol, Conilon), the common dose is 0.025-0.05J/(K.d) need to pay attention to the growth of bone age;
(3) IGF-1 gonadal axis inhibition (GnRHa), aromatase inhibitors (Letrozole, Letrozole) have also been used to treat short stature, but there is no sufficient information to analyze, so it is not recommended for routine application.