The key to the treatment of herniated discs is to relieve nerve irritation or compression, eliminate nerve inflammation, and promote nerve repair and recovery of lumbar spine function. The choice of treatment for lumbar disc herniation depends on the different pathological types, pathological stages and clinical manifestations of the disease, as well as the patient’s age and physical and mental status. Surgical and non-surgical treatments have their different indications, respectively. It should be said that 80-90% of patients can be cured or improved by non-surgical treatment, while conservative therapies such as lumbar pulling, massage, medicine and sacral therapy also have their own indications. At present, it has been clinically noted that the shrinkage of the herniated disc tissue due to percutaneous nucleus pulposus resection and surgical discectomy is called the resorption of the herniated disc. Many scholars have done extensive research on the relationship between reabsorption of herniated discs and the relief of clinical symptoms in patients with lumbar disc herniation, and although there are still differences of opinion, most scholars still believe that reabsorption of herniated nucleus pulposus is positively correlated with the relief of low back pain and radicular neuralgia in patients. The mechanism of herniated disc nucleus pulposus tissue resorption is still unclear, and there are several theories: herniated disc nucleus pulposus tissue regression due to posterior longitudinal ligament tension, herniated disc nucleus pulposus tissue dehydration and degeneration, herniated disc nucleus pulposus tissue absorption by macrophages, and herniated disc nucleus pulposus tissue-induced immune response, etc. Further research to grasp the occurrence and development of reabsorption of herniated disc nucleus pulposus tissue will add an important basis for non-surgical treatment of more patients with lumbar disc herniation in clinical practice. Non-surgical treatment is the basic therapy for this disease. The purpose of treatment is to partially or fully retract the herniated nucleus pulposus of the disc, eliminate the compression of the nerve root, improve local blood circulation, and accelerate the regression of its inflammatory edema, thereby reducing or relieving the irritation of the nerve root and relieving or eliminating pain symptoms. Non-surgical treatment also places higher demands on the orthopedic surgeon, who cannot be satisfied with just treating the patient, but must take a more detailed history, examine the body carefully, and be familiar with relevant special tests, such as spinal X-ray signs, CT and MRI, electromyography, spinal canalography, and lumbar discography. A more comprehensive understanding or mastery of the disease process facilitates the adoption of appropriate treatment methods and guides the patient in proper rehabilitation exercises. For the chosen treatment method, timely adjustment according to the condition during the treatment process is necessary to avoid aggravating the disease, wasting time, increasing the patient’s pain and economic burden due to improper methods. In addition, to understand the patient’s psychological condition in detail, especially for patients with long-term illness or fear, to let go of the patient’s ideological burden and active cooperation with treatment in order to receive good results. After a clear diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation, doctors are required to choose different treatment methods for different conditions. Patients who are to be treated surgically must strictly follow the indications for surgery. The main purpose of surgery is to decompress the nerve root or cauda equina by removing the intervertebral disc. Some clinical scholars have followed up a large number of patients who underwent discectomy and found that about 30% of lumbar discs complained of low back pain after surgery, and the residual sciatica after surgery was inversely proportional to the degree of herniation. When the lumbar disc was free in the spinal canal or prolapsed, the best surgical results were achieved, with 99.5% of the symptoms completely and partially relieved; about 82% of the patients with incomplete protrusion of the lumbar disc in the spinal canal had complete relief; only 63% of those with bulging or herniated lumbar discs but unbroken annulus fibrosus had complete relief by lumbar discectomy; and only 38% of those with normal lumbar discs or mild lumbar disc bulges had complete relief by resection. of those who had a normal disc or mild lumbar disc bulge achieved complete relief (which is equivalent to the reported effect of placebo). Similarly, the incidence of persistent postoperative low back pain was inversely proportional to the degree of lumbar disc herniation, with the incidence of lumbar disc prolapse at 25%, rising to 55% in those with mild herniation or negative exploration. Numerous retrospective and prospective study data confirm that the outcome is related to patient selection, treatment method, evaluation method and method of follow-up. Foreign literature reports excellent surgical rates of 46% to 97%, complications ranging from 0 to 10%, and reoperation rates of 4% to 20%. The excellent rate reported in China is 80% to 91%. Patient selection is particularly important, and it has been suggested that preoperative psychological testing scores be performed, as good scores correlate with excellent outcomes. Others have studied in more detail how the length of current medical history, the patient’s age, the presence of previous low back pain, the number of previous hospitalizations, and whether the injury was work-related are all related to outcome. Weak muscle strength and loss of tendon reflexes do not necessarily return to normal after laminectomy and intervertebral discectomy. Therefore, before surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation can be performed, clinicians must achieve a clear diagnosis and both physicians and patients must recognize that this risky treatment is needed. Surgery for a lumbar disc may relieve symptoms, but is not a curative treatment. This is because it neither stops the pathological process that caused the lumbar disc herniation nor restores the back to its pre-existing state. Therefore, the patient must practice good posture and strengthen the lumbar back and abdominal muscles after surgery; repeated bending, twisting and weight-bearing in spinal flexion should be minimized or eliminated. This will help to reduce or avoid the occurrence of lumbar symptoms. These are important elements that cannot be neglected by the professional physicians to guide the postoperative patients. Therefore, strict mastery of the indications and contraindications for surgery is one of the important factors to obtain good results and good outcomes from surgery. Through the study of the above, the clinical treatment of patients with lumbar disc herniation by non-surgical or surgical methods has its own strict indications and contraindications, specifically, summarized as follows: Indications for non-surgical treatment: 1, patients with the first attack, the course of the disease is still short. 2. Patients with long duration of disease, but with mild symptoms and signs, and whose symptoms can be relieved by themselves after rest. 3.Patients with small disc herniation found by CT or MRI and other special examinations. 4.X-ray, CT, MRI examination, found that the disc protrusion without calcification and no combined spinal stenosis. 5.Older patients who are older, cannot tolerate surgery or no longer participate in physical labor. 6.Patients who cannot perform surgery due to systemic diseases or local skin diseases. 7.Patients whose clinical symptoms and signs do not match with special examination results and are difficult to be explained by the lumbar disc herniation in a certain segment. 8.Patients who do not agree to surgery. Indications for surgical treatment: 1. The diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation is clear, the first onset of the disease, but the symptoms are serious, pain is intolerable, especially in the lower extremities, the patient has difficulty moving and sleeping due to pain, and is forced to lie in a lateral position with hip and knee flexed, or even kneeling, which seriously affects work and life. 2, lumbar disc herniation by strict regular non-surgical treatment 3 ~ 6 months invalid. The sign of failure of conservative treatment is that the pain is not relieved, the straight leg raising test is positive without improvement or the neurological symptoms continue to worsen. It should be noted that the timing of non-operative treatment has been reported differently in recent years at home and abroad. In general, overseas advocates surgical treatment after 6 to 12 weeks of conservative treatment if it is ineffective. This may be related to the fact that patients cannot tolerate the pain and economic loss caused by prolonged conservative treatment. However, some clinical practitioners believe that the importance of adequate conservative treatment should not be underestimated. This is because, first, more than 80% of lumbar disc herniations are effectively treated conservatively and can be spared surgery for life. Second, even if conservative treatment is ultimately proven to be ineffective, the conservative treatment period allows the physician the opportunity to carefully evaluate the patient, make a clear diagnosis, and determine the localization of nerve damage as well as the patient’s physical and mental status. 3, Middle-aged patients with recurrent lumbar disc herniation and a long history of disease that affects work and life. 4.The presence of cauda equina damage syndrome or single nerve palsy (such as foot drop) in lumbar disc herniation is an indication for emergency surgery. 5, although the history is not typical, by myelography, epidurography, vertebral venography, CT, MRI shows total disc degeneration or larger herniation. 6.The symptoms are accompanied by severe intermittent claudication of neurogenic origin, and imaging confirms the combination of lumbar central canal stenosis or nerve root canal stenosis, and non-surgical treatment is not effective. 7, Patients with original chronic low back pain often have pain symptoms relieved or disappeared after the sudden occurrence of foot drop or cauda equina damage syndrome, which is a manifestation of increased compression, and patients sometimes mistakenly believe that the condition is reduced. However, clinicians should remember that pain or not is an absolute indication for emergency surgical procedures. Clinical observation of patients with lumbar disc herniation with foot drop, excellent postoperative recovery of up to 90% for surgery within one week of illness, 75% for surgery within 2 weeks, only 50% for surgery within 4 weeks, and 17% for surgery over 3 months. The recovery time after foot drop surgery is 1 to 2 years after surgery. Clinical analysis of clinical data on central lumbar disc herniation combined with cauda equina damage shows that cauda equina damage is more effective when operated within 3 weeks, and the recovery rate decreases significantly beyond 3 weeks. Contraindications: 1. Lumbar disc herniation affecting life and work is not obvious. 2.The first or multiple episodes of lumbar disc herniation without conservative treatment. 3, lumbar disc herniation with more extensive fibrillitis, rheumatism and other symptoms. 4, clinically suspected lumbar disc herniation, but no special signs are seen on special X-ray examination. 5.The presence of social factors that affect the efficacy of surgery, such as disputes that have not been resolved. 6.Persons with psychogenic diseases, such as psychosis, strict neurasthenia or drug dependence. 7.Persons with infectious foci, including systemic and local lesions, such as infected wounds or untreated skin diseases. 8, Those with other organ insufficiencies affecting the tolerance of surgery.