I. What is stroke? Stroke is a group of diseases in which brain function is lost due to various cerebrovascular lesions. Most of them have an acute onset and are called acute cerebrovascular disease, also known as stroke or stroke, and are one of the three major diseases that seriously endanger human health. The clinical term stroke includes cerebral infarction (cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism), cerebral hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The most common of these are cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage. Therefore, stroke is not a disease, but actually a class of diseases, which is a generic or common name for acute cerebrovascular diseases. There are 7 million cerebrovascular patients in China, and 3/4 of these patients are left with different degrees of disability, while 1/3 of them have recurrence within 5 years. Second, what are the risk factors for stroke? Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, history of stroke, smoking, alcoholism and obesity, etc. Third, cerebral infarction is one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases, what are the causes and triggers for the occurrence of cerebral infarction? There are 3 causes 1, atherosclerotic plaque in the cerebral vessels makes the blood vessels narrow and behave roughly and unevenly, and then the plaque ruptures and bleeds, activating the blood coagulation system in the body to form a thrombus, which is the main cause. 2, hemodynamic changes: blood pressure decreases so that the blood flow rate slows down and the solid components in the blood are easily deposited in the blood vessel wall to form thrombus. 3, blood viscosity changes: excessive lipids, dehydration, increased fibrinogen makes the blood viscous, platelets are easy to gather and promote the formation of cerebral infarction. Causes 1. Factors contributing to the aggravation of atherosclerosis Smoking and alcohol abuse, intake of high-fat and high-sugar diet, lack of physical activity, etc. are likely to aggravate atherosclerosis and promote thrombosis. 2. Factors contributing to the increase of blood viscosity Excessive intake of lipids; excessive sweating, severe diarrhea and other causes of dehydration; insufficient water; lack of exercise; taking coagulation and hemostatic drugs, etc. are likely to cause an increase in blood viscosity and promote thrombosis. Fourth, is there any aura symptom of cerebral infarction? What are they? Many patients have some early signals 1-2 days or hours before the onset of the disease, which is medically called “stroke aura”. At this time, if timely recognition and active and effective treatment, most of the patients can be turned to safety and prevent the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease. The symptoms of aura are as follows: sudden distortion of the mouth and eyes, salivation at the corners of the mouth, slurred speech, difficulty in spitting out words, aphasia or incoherence, difficulty in swallowing, weakness or inflexibility of one limb, unstable walking or sudden fall. This is caused by insufficient cerebrovascular blood supply and motor nerve dysfunction. Numbness of the face, tongue, lips or limbs, or haziness in front of the eyes or difficulty seeing things for a while, tinnitus or hearing changes. This is due to insufficient blood supply to the cerebral vessels and affects the sensory function of the brain. Disorders of consciousness, manifested as mental depression, always wanting to sleep or drowsy throughout the day. The personality is also uncharacteristic, suddenly becoming silent, indifferent, slow walking or talkative, and there is also a transient loss of consciousness, which is also related to cerebral ischemia. Transient limb weakness, transient black haze, slurred speech, frequent yawning, and sudden forgetfulness of all recent events. V. How should family members respond after the onset of a stroke patient? After finding the stroke patient, be calm and collected, put the patient flat, supine position, do not pillow, head to the side, to avoid choking secretions in the mouth accidentally sucked into the lungs caused by the patient suffocation (position). In addition, do not give the patient drugs, because the stroke can be broadly divided into two types of bleeding and infarction type, before the diagnosis, absolutely no arbitrary use of drugs, otherwise it will aggravate the condition. The family should first call the “120” emergency number and briefly describe the condition, so that the emergency physician can make material and psychological preparations for resuscitation. During the entire transfer process, it is best for the family to respect the advice of the emergency physician. When choosing a hospital, choose one that is qualified and experienced in stroke treatment. For stroke patients, time is brain, and the earlier the treatment, the better the future recovery. Providing timely, standardized and effective treatment for stroke patients in the ultra-early stage becomes a key aspect of stroke rescue and treatment. Especially for patients with cerebral infarction, ultra-early thrombolytic therapy is the most effective method at present, and whether the hospital has the necessary thrombolytic conditions and experience (such as being able to perform the necessary imaging examinations, having a specialized stroke team, having intensive care facilities, etc.) will directly affect the effectiveness of the treatment. What are the special treatment methods for cerebral infarction? Early thrombolysis can save hemiplegic limbs The key concept of modern treatment for stroke is to perform ultra-early intervention. Stroke is mainly an ischemic stroke (i.e. cerebral infarction). Large-scale international clinical trials over the last decade have confirmed that ultra-early (within 3 hours) thrombolysis with tissue-type fibrinogen activator (tPA) can have a significant effect. This drug can dissolve blood clots and save hemiplegic limbs. However, even in the United States, where medical facilities are advanced, the emergency care system is well developed, and the population has a high level of health education, less than 10% of patients with cerebral infarction are able to receive thrombolytic therapy at an ultra-early stage. In China, the thrombolysis rate of tPA is less than 1% in major cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, and even less in other places due to many factors. The main reason why patients cannot get timely thrombolytic treatment is that they do not know enough about the acute treatment of stroke, which leads to long pre-hospital delay and misses the time of ultra-early treatment. Therefore, we often say that time is life, brain and money. Seven, what are the disadvantages in the rescue of stroke link? In many major cities in China, stroke ranks first among the causes of death, and nearly half of the surviving stroke patients are left with neurological disabilities such as hemiplegia and aphasia. This brings a huge economic and mental burden to patients, their families and even the whole society, and has become a veritable “number one killer” threatening people’s health. On the other hand, the treatment of stroke in China at this stage is still far from a satisfactory level. From the medical point of view, the standardized treatment guidelines with operability are not yet popular; from the patient’s point of view, the medical knowledge and concept of stroke are not yet deeply rooted in people’s hearts. All of these require more efforts to promote awareness. We have contacted many ischemic stroke patients who missed the best time for treatment because they did not seek medical attention in time. After receiving health education, they regretted their poor knowledge of stroke at first: they did not pay attention to mild weakness and numbness of one limb, transient slurred speech, transient double vision, and so on. Some patients mistakenly believe that they will be fine after bed rest after these symptoms appear. It is not known that the incidence of ischemic stroke is quite high during sleep, and resting will instead cover up the development of symptoms. Other patients blindly consider the manifestation of stroke as heart disease and hypertension, and take quick-acting heart pills and antihypertensive drugs on their own without medical advice, which not only aggravates the condition but also wastes valuable time for consultation. Therefore, we must establish a scientific concept of modern stroke: stroke is an emergency and needs to be treated at the hospital as early as possible. Remember: “To lose time is to lose brain!” Eight, can regular infusion prevent brain infarction? I once met a staff member who suffered from cerebrovascular disease in his 40s, and heard people say that infusion twice a year could prevent cerebral infarction, so he insisted on going to a small hospital for infusion through his relationship, but unexpectedly caused kidney failure. According to the doctor, “This is caused by the reaction to the infusion. Many patients will also take the initiative to ask for it, and even old ladies who take their morning walk in the park will say, “Infusion is good, there is a disease to cure, no disease to prevent disease.” Is infusion really that effective? The answer is no: “It is impossible to prevent cerebral infarction by infusion.” Cerebrovascular disease is a neurological disease caused by cerebrovascular lesions, also called stroke, divided into ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, the main symptom is the sudden onset of focal neurological deficits, hemiparesis, aphasia, visual deficits and mental disorders. The pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disease is complex, and there are more than 20 kinds of risk factors, such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking, and increased red blood cell pressure, etc. Only targeted and persistent treatment of these risk factors can better control the occurrence of stroke. In the case of hypertension, which is recognized as the most important risk factor for stroke in academic circles, it can narrow blood vessels, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism or cause bleeding. The risk of stroke is linearly increased by the increase in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure: the relative risk of stroke increases 28.8 times for those with systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mmHg; 19 times for those with diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mmHg; and 8.7 times for those with critical hypertension. Lowering blood pressure is a long-term treatment process, and infusion cannot lower blood pressure at all. At the same time, heart disease and diabetes should be treated in a targeted manner, while short-term infusions can neither treat heart disease nor control diabetes, and thus there is no way to speak of efficacy. A medical treatment must undergo rigorous scientific research before it can be used clinically. Whether twice-yearly infusions are effective in preventing thrombosis can only be concluded based on clinical statistics after a long-term controlled trial of regular post-stroke infusions versus no post-stroke infusions, but unfortunately no one has done a comparison in this regard to date. However, it is certain that the available scientific evidence shows that the efficacy of infusion can only be maintained for a very short period of time Infusion can also bring about allergic reactions, such as shock, heart failure, kidney failure, etc., which can be life-threatening in serious cases.