Patients with lumbar disc herniation can exhibit a variety of clinical symptoms depending on age, gender, time of illness and the location and size of the herniated nucleus pulposus, length of illness, and individual differences, such as lumbago and radioactive single-leg pain, often starting with lumbago and then gradually developing into leg pain, and when leg pain appears, the symptoms of lumbago are reduced. Typical clinical manifestations are as follows: 1. Low back pain: Low back pain is one of the earliest symptoms of lumbar disc herniation, mostly stabbing pain, often accompanied by numbness and soreness. The degree of lumbar pain varies significantly from person to person. Those with mild symptoms can continue to work, but cannot engage in heavy physical labor; those with severe symptoms have severe pain, cannot turn over and are bedridden. According to statistics, more than 95% of patients have this symptom, 50% of patients have both low back pain and leg pain, and about 33% of patients have leg pain first and then low back pain. Low back pain can occur after a definite trauma or sprain, or it can occur without an obvious cause. The pain is widespread, mainly in the lower back and lumbosacral region, with persistent pain being common. The nature of pain is mostly chronic dull pain, but it can also be acute sharp pain. 2. Sciatica: Since about 95% of disc herniation occurs in the L4/L5 and L5/S1 intervertebral spaces, most patients with lumbar disc herniation have sciatica, and its incidence accounts for 82.6% of patients with lumbar disc herniation. The pain site ranges from the lumbosacral region, posterior hip region, posterior lateral thigh, lateral calf to the heel or back of the foot. The nature of the pain is mainly radiating stabbing pain, and in severe cases, it can be electric shock-like pain. Radiation pain usually occurs in one lower limb, i.e., the side where the nucleus pulposus is herniated. First low back pain and then leg pain, and finally leg pain more than low back pain are the main symptom characteristics of patients with lumbar disc herniation. “Walking less than a few dozen meters, cycling dozens of miles” is a specific description of the characteristics of sciatica in patients with lumbar disc herniation. The mechanism is mainly due to mechanical or chemical stimulation of the spinal nerve roots by the herniated material and its metabolites. In addition, reflex sciatica, or pseudosciatica, can also occur through the patient’s sinus spinal nerve. 3, intermittent claudication: also known as motor pain, the patient walks a certain distance to feel pain in the lower back and legs, and with the increase in walking distance to feel the pain and numbness of the affected limb aggravated, the early and late appearance of symptoms can vary depending on the walking distance, when taking a squatting or sitting position for a short time after rest, the symptoms are reduced, and then walk after the symptoms reappear, this performance is called intermittent claudication. When walking, because of increased venous return to the lower limbs, the vertebral venous plexus obstructed in the spinal canal gradually expands, increasing the compression of the nerve roots, causing hypoxia and symptoms; or on the basis of congenital bony small vertebral canal, a lumbar disc herniation, thickening of the ligamentum flavum and connective tissue hyperplasia occurs, resulting in compression injury to the cauda equina and spinal nerve, and causing neurogenic intermittent claudication. After the symptoms of intermittent claudication appear, the possibility of combined spinal stenosis needs to be considered.