Vaccination against hepatitis B is the most crucial measure to prevent and control the hepatitis B epidemic in China. The vaccination targets all susceptible people (newborns should be universally vaccinated), people in close contact with hepatitis B virus-infected people, medical workers, drug addicts and other high-risk groups. The main component of the hepatitis B vaccine is the active ingredient of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) produced through genetic engineering, which stimulates the body’s immune system to produce protective hepatitis B surface antibodies (HBsAb) after vaccination, so that the body has immunity against hepatitis B and is not infected by the hepatitis B virus. The hepatitis B vaccine requires three injections, and the body can obtain high and stable antibody levels after three injections. The vaccination site for newborns is within the lateral muscles of the anterior thighs, and for children and adults, it is within the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm. Hepatitis B vaccination is given to newborns as early as possible, usually within 24 hours of birth. Monitoring of antibody titers is not required for the general population. For high-risk groups (e.g., those in close contact with hepatitis B virus-infected persons, medical workers, drug addicts, etc.), they should be tested regularly after vaccination, and when the antibody titer is less than 10 international units/mL, they should be given a timely supplemental hepatitis B vaccination to ensure that the effective titer of hepatitis B surface antibody is maintained in the body for a long time, so as to achieve the purpose of truly preventing hepatitis B virus infection. In addition, there are some people who are unable to produce the appropriate antibodies even after the scheduled vaccination, which is called vaccine non-response. To sum up, newborns and high-risk groups such as close contacts of hepatitis B virus-infected patients, medical workers and drug addicts should complete hepatitis B vaccination according to the schedule in time to prevent hepatitis B virus infection.