Optic neuromyelitis optica is not usually life-threatening, but the disease can lead to prolonged bed rest and a variety of serious complications that can affect the patient’s life expectancy. Optic neuromyelitis optica is a demyelinating lesion involving mainly the optic nerve and spinal cord, which results in loss of vision and eye distention, optic nerve atrophy in advanced stages of the disease, and limb paralysis and paraplegia due to involvement of the spinal cord. 90% of cases of optic neuromyelitis optica have recurrent attacks. Each attack can lead to gradual worsening of the patient’s condition, eventually leading to blindness, severe motor impairment, urinary and bowel disorders, and even the need for long-term bed rest and urinary catheterization. However, some patients can develop complications such as decubitus ulcers, crushing pneumonia and venous thrombosis of the lower extremities, which will not only reduce the quality of life of patients but also shorten their life expectancy to a certain extent. In addition, early detection and early treatment can improve the prognosis of optic neuromyelitis optica and prolong the life span of patients.