Optic neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system involving the optic nerve and spinal cord. It is clinically common in women, and most patients may have severe visual impairment and physical dysfunction as sequelae. The etiology of optic neuromyelitis optica is unclear and may result from an autoimmune response induced by environmental factors in the context of a genetic susceptibility. Associated environmental factors include low levels of vitamin D, infection, pregnancy, vaccination, head trauma, and poor dietary lifestyle such as reduced intake of sea food, vegetables and fruits, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Clinical manifestations are divided into optic nerve damage and spinal cord damage, with optic nerve damage manifested as acute unilateral or bilateral vision loss, painful eye movements and visual field defects. The onset of the disease is acute, with most patients experiencing severe vision loss within days to weeks, and can recover slowly with treatment within 6 months of onset, but only about half of the patients recover normal vision after 1 year of onset, and about 1/4 of the patients remain with severe visual impairment. Spinal cord damage is characterized by complete transverse damage to the spinal cord, with severe impairment of motor, sensory and autonomic functions of the spinal cord bilaterally within hours to days, and the motor impairment may rapidly progress to paraplegia or quadriplegia. Some patients have symptoms such as neuropathic pain, pathological pruritus, fasciculations and painful spasm attacks. Treatment of acute episodes of optic neuromyelitis requires mostly high-dose hormone shock therapy or intravenous human immunoglobulin, while treatments in remission include traditional immunosuppressive drugs, monoclonal antibody drugs, and emerging immunotherapies. (The specific drugs mentioned in the text should be prescribed based on an interview with a specialist.)