Optic neuromyelitis optica is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, which is more common in China as opposed to the West. It mainly invades the optic nerve and spinal cord and manifests as recurrent episodes of optic neuritis and myelitis, eventually leading to blindness and paralysis, and in severe cases threatening the life of the patient. The treatment of optic neuromyelitis optica is divided into two main areas: treatment in acute relapse and measures to prevent relapse. The treatment of symptoms will be discussed later. 1. Treatment in case of acute relapse Preferred high-dose methylprednisolone shock therapy. Specific method: Methylprednisolone 1g IV 1/day×3~5 days, then change to prednisone 60mg orally 1/day×14 days, and then gradually reduce the dose. If hormone shock is ineffective, plasma replacement or repeat methylprednisolone shock can be used. Intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4g/kg/d, IV for 3 to 5 days) can also be tried. 2. Relapse prevention Optic neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis prevention measures are different. Recent studies have shown that interferon can prevent relapses of multiple sclerosis, but aggravate the condition of optic neuromyelitis optica. Therefore, it is important to make a clinical diagnosis before deciding which drug to use for relapse prevention. Preferred regimen: Azathioprine (2mg/kg/day) combined with prednisone (1mg/kg/day or every other day) taken orally, after 2-3 months prednisone is gradually reduced, my experience is that prednisone 20-30mg/every other day taken orally combined with azathioprine for at least 5 years, the effect of relapse prevention is very good. Secondary options: for those whose preferred option is ineffective or hormone dependent, cyclophosphamide 800 mg once a month IV; or morphine mescalate 1-3 g/day orally; or intravenous immunoglobulin once a month IV; or intermittent plasma exchange.