The coming March 8 is the World Kidney Disease Day, and this year’s theme is “Concern for Kidney Disease, Care for Women’s Health”, which aims to make the world pay attention to women’s health, especially kidney health. As a doctor who has been engaged in the clinical research of kidney disease for nearly forty years, I especially feel that gender difference plays an important role in the occurrence and development of certain kidney diseases, which not only needs to be emphasized by female patients, but also needs to be reminded of the importance of clinical doctors in the diagnosis and treatment process. Although the vast majority of clinical symptoms of kidney disease men and women are not much difference, but women due to their own physiology and organizational structure, some diseases in the frequency of disease is still quite big difference. Diseases related to women are highlighted in the following: 1, immune-related diseases The so-called autoimmune disease is a problem of their own immune recognition system, producing antibodies to attack their own healthy cells, which leads to damage to body tissues and progressive decline in the function of organs. More than 80 known autoimmune diseases have been identified, of which the following are closely related to women: (1) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting multiple organs that occurs most often in young women, and involves small blood vessels throughout the body. Involvement of blood vessel-rich organs is frequent, affecting the skin, muscles, kidneys, heart, blood cells, and even the brain. Once the vital organs are damaged (heart, brain, kidneys), the prognosis is affected. Since SLE has similar symptoms to some other diseases, it can be easily missed and misdiagnosed in the early stages. (2) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic disease with a predominantly inflammatory synovitis of undetermined etiology. It is characterized by polyarticular, symmetrical, aggressive joint inflammation of the small joints of the hands and feet, often accompanied by extra-articular organ involvement and positive serum rheumatoid factor, which can lead to joint deformity and loss of function. The disease is more prevalent in women, with a prevalence two to three times that of men. It can occur at any age, with a high incidence between 40 and 60 years of age. The onset of the disease may be related to heredity, infection, sex hormones and so on. (3) Dry syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that mainly involves exocrine glands. In addition to dry mouth and eyes due to decreased function of salivary and lacrimal glands, other exocrine glands and other organs outside the glands are also involved, resulting in symptoms of multi-system damage. There are various autoantibodies and hyperimmunoglobulinemia in the serum. The disease is categorized as primary or secondary. Primary dry syndrome is a global disease with a prevalence of 0.3% to 0.7% in China and 3% to 4% in the elderly. This disease is more common in women, the ratio of male to female is 1:9~20, and the age of onset is 40~50 years old. (4) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common type of central nerve demyelinating disease, i.e., unexplained degeneration of central nerves, causing progressive degeneration and loss of function of tissues and organs within the corresponding jurisdiction. The disease is most common in middle-aged and young women, and most of the lesions involve important central nerves such as the optic nerve, crural medulla, and brainstem. When the immune system attacks the myelin sheath and injures the nerve fibers, the flow of nerve impulses is interrupted and the more common symptoms are blurred vision and muscle stiffness. (5) Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT), also known as autoimmune thyroiditis, is a chronic autoimmune disease that uses its own thyroid tissue as an antigen. Four cases were first reported by Hashimoto of Kyushu University in Japan (1912) in a German medical journal, so it was also named Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and it is the most common inflammation of the thyroid gland in clinical practice. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common inflammation of the thyroid gland in clinical practice. It is most common in middle-aged women, with a prevalence between the ages of 40 and 50. The body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation, resulting in enlarged thyroid and progressive hypothyroidism, clinical mucous edema, generalized fatigue, abdominal distension, low urine output, slow movements, voice hoarseness and other manifestations, which, when it develops to a certain degree, can lead to mental retardation and fatigue of the physical condition. In fact, Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. 2, infection-related diseases The female urethra is short and straight, and wider, compared with the vaginal opening neighboring, this feature makes the female urinary tract upstream infection possibility increased. It is this structural feature that leads to a woman’s lifetime occurrence of more than one urinary tract infection is a probable event. Especially during menstruation and pregnancy. But female patients in the frequency of urinary urgency urinary pain and other symptoms of urinary tract infection, do not hastily deduce that they are urinary tract infection and blindly use drugs. A considerable portion of female patients with vesicoureteral reflux phenomenon, that is, urination from the bladder through the ureter reflux to the renal pelvis of the anomaly, such as the bladder triangle and the lower end of the ureter muscle tone is low, the normal overfilling of the bladder or inflammation can be caused by vesicoureteral reflux, induced by the infection. It mostly occurs in middle-aged and elderly patients as well as those who frequently hold their urine. Urine holding is a common bad habit among women. It can cause two adverse consequences. First, urine stays in the bladder for a long time, so if a small amount of bacteria invades, it will have more time to multiply and invade the tissues; second, when the bladder is full and the pressure increases, the urine will reflux upward to the ureter, and if bacteria have already invaded, they will be sent to a more upstream location, causing pyelonephritis. The solution, of course, is not to hold urine, and should even develop a good habit of “diligent” urination. 3.Pregnancy related diseases During pregnancy, there are many physiological changes in the function of the kidneys and hemodynamics, which tend to increase the workload of the kidneys and may cause the kidneys to suffer from pathologic damage and renal dysfunction, especially for women with pre-existing renal diseases, if not actively prevented, it may cause recurrence of the original disease and aggravation, and jeopardize the fetus. The following types of renal diseases are prominent in pregnancy 1. Pyelonephritis The main cause is that the uterus enlarges and tilts backward to compress the ureter after pregnancy, and the ureteral tension decreases, expands and urine stagnates, resulting in the formation of renal pelvic hydrops. Gestational hypertension syndrome occurs after 24 weeks of pregnancy when the blood pressure starts to increase, and most of them can be cured quickly after delivery. It is worth mentioning that many people with gestational hypertension have chronic kidney disease (formerly known as cryptogenic nephritis), and this kind of patients must undergo regular professional renal examination after delivery, especially those whose blood pressure is still not well controlled after delivery. 3.Acute renal failure in pregnancy Mostly occurs in the first 3 months and the last 3 months of pregnancy. Early to 10-12 weeks for the peak, mainly occurred in septic abortion, a few secondary to pregnancy vomiting loss of water and salt. The second trimester peaks at 34-40 weeks and is mainly due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in hypertensive syndromes of pregnancy. This is followed by obstetric complications such as early placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism and hemorrhage. A few are acute fatty liver in pregnancy. 4.Postpartum idiopathic acute renal failure occurs from the day of delivery to 6 weeks after delivery. The process of pregnancy and delivery is normal. Most cases are associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and may be accompanied by fever, heart failure and seizures. The etiology may be related to viral infections, ergot preparations and oxytocin application and retained placental debris. Women are the main force in the society and family. On the occasion of World Kidney Disease Day, we would like to send out this article to call on women to pay attention to their health, kidney care and keep away from kidney disease.