The history of laparoscopy Laparoscopic techniques were a technological revolution in surgery throughout the 20th century, with Ott being the first to begin direct examination of intra-abdominal organs by placing an endoscope directly into the abdominal cavity through a small incision in the abdominal wall in 1901. The original endoscopy was pushed to a true laparoscopic examination by Kelling, who in 1923 used a Nitze cystoscope to insert into the abdomen for a more detailed examination. The first clinical application of laparoscopy in urology was made by Cortessi, who performed a laparoscopic exploration of an adult patient with bilateral cryptorchidism in 1976. Since then, laparoscopic techniques in urology have been limited to the exploration of intra-abdominal cryptorchidism. Since Clayman performed the first successful laparoscopic nephrectomy in June 1990, laparoscopic techniques in the field of urology have developed rapidly, especially in the next 5 years, more and more urologists have started to adopt this technique in the surgical treatment of kidney, adrenal gland, prostate cancer and ureteral stones, and the level of urological laparoscopy has become one of the important criteria to measure the overall competitiveness of hospitals. The level of urological laparoscopy has become one of the most important criteria to measure the overall competitiveness of a hospital. However, because the urinary system is located in the retroperitoneum, its anatomical location is unique, which determines the high technical requirements and difficulties of the surgery, as well as the variety of urological procedures and the different specifications of various surgical approaches. In the western developed countries, difficult surgeries are also limited to a few hospitals. In recent years, the continuous improvement of instruments, the emergence of in vivo suture knotter and surgical robots have advanced the continuous improvement of laparoscopic techniques. Some difficult organ resection procedures such as radical nephrectomy and delicate organ function reconstruction and preservation procedures such as Anderson-Hynes and partial nephrectomy with preserved renal units can be done laparoscopically. Moreover, the advent of surgical robots has enabled the implementation of remote robotic surgery or remote real-time surgery. Laparoscopy has significant advantages over traditional open surgery in terms of reducing complications and accelerating patient recovery. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery started in the late 1990s and is a different surgical approach compared to traditional laparoscopic surgery. Because the retroperitoneal space is a potential cavity, unlike the abdominal cavity which is extremely easy to inflate and expand, it is easy to observe and operate. Therefore, a space needs to be manually expanded and within this space environment, the same steps as in open surgery are accomplished under television surveillance with specially designed extended surgical instruments to achieve the same surgical results. Since the retroperitoneal space is an unnatural space, this type of surgery requires better anatomical knowledge and practical experience and operates on a completely different concept than traditional open surgery. The advantages of laparoscopic surgery are very obvious. Firstly, laparoscopic surgery is very traumatic, requiring only three to four small incisions, which can be sutured or band-aided after surgery, with minimal scarring, which is very popular among young people and women who love beauty. Secondly, the procedure is a single incision entry, which minimizes damage to the surrounding tissues, and the minimal scratching means that there is little chance of post-operative adhesions. Many procedures do not use silk ligation, but instead use electrocoagulation or titanium clips to stop bleeding. Third, the incision is airtight and does not cause significant water evaporation, and the internal environment is stable. Fourth, the number of hospitalization days is small, and some can be discharged in as few as 2-3 days, and can be fully restored to health and work in 7 days, thus greatly reducing the patient’s burden cost and accelerating the turnover rate of hospital beds. Laparoscopic surgery indications posterior laparoscopic and laparoscopic urological surgery can be widely used in most urological treatments, such as adrenal tumor removal or total adrenalectomy, renal cyst decompression, radical resection of kidney cancer, radical resection of renal pelvis cancer, ureterotomy for stone extraction, pelvic ureteroplasty, total cystotomy for bowel instead of bladder, radical prostate cancer treatment, testicular drainage for cryptorchidism, high level varicocele Ligation of varicocele, etc.