Prevention of cerebrovascular disease is divided into primary prevention and secondary prevention. By primary prevention, we mean prevention before the onset of the disease, that is, proactive control of various risk factors through early changes in unhealthy lifestyles, etc., so as to achieve the purpose of not occurring or postponing the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease. What are the risk factors of cerebrovascular disease? Risk factors of cerebrovascular disease are divided into two categories: intervenable factors and non-intervenable factors. The non-intervention factors include age, gender, race, and genetic factors. Interventional factors include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcoholism, etc. The prevention of interferable factors is the cornerstone of cerebrovascular disease prevention. Hypertension is by far the most recognized independent risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. Active control of hypertension can reduce stroke morbidity and mortality by more than 40% respectively, therefore, controlling hypertension is the most important primary prevention of stroke. The mechanism of cerebrovascular disease caused by hypertension is mainly due to accelerated cerebral atherosclerosis. The long-term hypertension can lead to lesions in the walls of small arteries, hardening of the lumen and thickening of the intima, which can lead to cerebral thrombosis due to ischemia and hypoxia in brain tissue when the cerebrovascular lumen is narrowed or occluded. Hypertension can also cause hyaline degeneration and fibrinoid necrosis in the walls of small arteries, which can lead to the formation of tiny aneurysms. When blood pressure rises suddenly, this already hardened and fragile vessel can rupture and bleed, resulting in subarachnoid hemorrhage or cerebral hemorrhage. Prevention of hypertension has to start from various aspects, such as eating less salt, exercising more, drinking less alcohol, not losing temper, etc., and also pay attention to monitoring blood pressure and taking regular blood pressure medication. The goal is to keep blood pressure below 140/90mmHg, and if combined with diabetes or kidney disease should be below 130/80mmHg. Atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease are high-risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, with atrial fibrillation being the most important. Cardiac disease causes cerebrovascular disease mainly through two ways: first, emboli in the heart valves, ventricular wall or ventricular cavity, enter the blood circulation and block the blood vessels in the brain causing cerebral embolism; second, because of severe coronary heart disease, cardiac insufficiency, etc., the heart output is reduced, resulting in insufficient cerebral perfusion, cerebral ischemia, followed by cerebral thrombosis. If you are already suffering from heart-based diseases, you should take anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs regularly in order to achieve the purpose of preventing cerebrovascular disease. The general principles of drug selection are: active treatment of the primary disease; patients with atrial fibrillation without other risk factors, younger than 65 years old, choose aspirin; between 65-75 years old, choose warfarin or aspirin as appropriate; if more than 75 years old, it is recommended to choose warfarin; patients with previous thrombosis, embolic disease, hypertension, left heart failure and other risk factors, it is best to choose warfarin. Hyperglycemia is also an independent risk factor for ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and it causes four times the risk of cerebrovascular disease in the general population. If you have diabetes, your eyes, brain, heart, kidneys and feet may not be very good after a long time, so you need to control blood sugar through basic knowledge education, reasonable diet, appropriate physical exercise and medication to reduce fasting blood sugar to below 7mmol/L and reduce complications. The relationship between dyslipidemia and cerebrovascular disease is not very clear. It is generally believed that increased lipids can cause atherosclerosis, which is a risk factor for cerebral infarction. Patients with ischemic stroke or TIA with elevated cholesterol, combined coronary artery disease, or evidence of atherosclerosis should be managed according to guidelines, including lifestyle changes, dietary guidance, and medication recommendations. Targeted lipid-lowering drugs are selected according to the lipid classification, e.g., statins are currently the drug of choice for predominantly elevated LDL cholesterol. The harm of smoking on cerebrovascular disease is directly proportional to the square of the smoking index, with the harm being 4 times greater for 1 times greater smoking and up to 9 times greater for 2 times greater smoking. All patients with ischemic stroke or TIA who smoked within 1 year before the onset of the disease should be strongly advised to quit smoking or avoid passive smoking. Long-term heavy drinking and acute alcoholism are risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, but small amounts of alcohol may have some benefit. Drink less than 2 glasses of alcohol per day for men and 1 glass for non-pregnant women. One cup contains about 12 grams of alcohol. How to calculate the alcohol grams, just know the alcohol content of the wine you drink, multiply it by the amount of alcohol consumed, and then multiply it by the specific gravity of alcohol 0.8 is the alcohol grams, equivalent to 1 bottle of beer, 2 two 33 degrees of white wine. Control of smoking and drinking is a conscious effort. Primary prevention also requires attention to weight control, prevention and control of carotid artery stenosis, prevention and control of hyperhomocysteinemia, and reduction of fibrinogen levels. Some studies have shown that people with abdominal obesity are more prone to cerebrovascular disease than people with general obesity. To prevent cerebrovascular disease at home, remember the four phrases: reasonable diet, moderate exercise, smoking cessation and alcohol restriction, and psychological balance. In terms of reasonable diet, refer to the recommendations of the Chinese Nutrition Society, which are summarized in two phrases: “one, two, three, four, five” and “red, yellow, green, white, black”. The first refers to a bag of milk per day, the second refers to the daily intake of about 250 grams of charcoal water compounds, the third refers to three servings of protein per day, a protein can be any of the following, such as 50g of lean meat, 100g of tofu, an egg, 25g of soybeans, 100g of fish, shrimp or chicken and duck. Four means four phrases, “coarse and fine, not sweet and not salty, three, four, five meals, seven or eight portions full”. Five refers to 500g of vegetables and fruits per day. Red refers to red wine, yellow refers to yellow vegetables, including carrots, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins, etc., green refers to green tea, white refers to oats, and black refers to black fungus, which has the effect of reducing blood viscosity and activating blood stasis. Moderate exercise, master the three words “three, five, seven”. “Three” refers to the daily 3km of walking, the time is more than 30 minutes. “Five” refers to exercise more than 5 times a week, only regular exercise can have an effect. “Seven” refers to the heart rate plus age after exercise is about 170, let’s say a 50-year-old person after exercise heart rate of 120 beats / min can be. Of course, these are not absolute. The key still depends on the individual, feel comfortable is fine. In addition to primary prevention, secondary prevention is also important. Secondary prevention is to reduce the risk of recurrence of cerebrovascular disease by finding the cause of the disease and correcting all the risk factors that can be intervened for patients who have had one or more occurrences of cerebrovascular disease. The more important of secondary prevention is the use of anti-platelet aggregation drugs, currently supported by evidence-based medicine is the early administration of small doses of aspirin, which can be used for a long time if there is no discomfort, and can be replaced by clopidogrel if it is not tolerated or combined with a variety of serious underlying diseases.