Stroke is also called stroke or cerebrovascular accident. There are two types: ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes. Cerebrovascular disease is one of the three major diseases that cause human death. Globally, it kills 4.6 million people each year, with about 2 million new strokes in China each year; about 1.5 million people die from cerebrovascular disease each year; and the number of surviving patients (including those who have recovered) is 6 to 7 million. In addition, the disease is characterized by high morbidity, high disability and high mortality, and the national annual expenditure for this disease is close to 20 billion RMB, which brings a heavy social and economic burden to the country and families. Therefore, we should pay attention to the danger of stroke and do a good job in the prevention and treatment of stroke, so that more people do not have stroke and stroke patients can get timely and effective treatment. For example, Lenin, the great proletarian revolutionary, had several strokes in his later years and was nursed by his sister Maria Uyanova. On January 4, 2006, Israeli Prime Minister Sharon was taken to the hospital after a severe stroke and was transferred to the intensive care unit after two brain surgeries, and on April 11, the Israeli Ministry of Justice announced that Prime Minister Sharon was “permanently incapacitated” due to a stroke and coma. In the early hours of September 30, 2009, Zhao Benshan, who had suffered a stroke, was admitted to Shanghai Huashan Hospital for emergency treatment. After surgery, Zhao Benshan is now recovering well. Winter is the season of high incidence of stroke, partly because of the change in temperature, which causes great fluctuation in the patient’s blood pressure, and partly because, the cold air tends to cause blood vessel spasm and induce stroke. Every year, when winter comes, the number of patients coming to our hospital outpatient clinics and emergency departments because of stroke increases exponentially. What can we do to prevent the onset of stroke in winter? Risk factors for stroke recurrence Risk factors associated with stroke recurrence include non-interventional risk factors and interventional risk factors. Non-interventional risk factors include age, gender, and family history. Interventional risk factors include physiological risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, and homocysteinemia, and behavioral risk factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, and depression. Actively prevent the risk factors of stroke, has achieved the purpose of stroke prevention. 1, hypertension Hypertension is the most important risk factor for cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. A domestic study showed that for every 10 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure, the relative risk of stroke increased by 49%, and for every 5 mmHg increase in diastolic blood pressure, the relative risk of stroke increased by 46% after controlling other risk factors. Results from a randomized controlled clinical trial of systolic hypertension in elderly Chinese showed a 58% reduction in mortality from stroke in the antihypertensive treatment group compared with the placebo control group after 4 years of follow-up. It is recommended that all patients take an active interest in their blood pressure; those older than 35 years of age should have their blood pressure measured once a year, and patients with hypertension should have their blood pressure measured frequently (at least every 2-3 months) to adjust the dose of medication. For early or mild patients first use lifestyle change treatment, and those who still have poor results in 3 months should be treated with additional anti-hypertensive drugs. 2. Heart disease The risk of stroke is more than 2 times higher in people with heart disease than in those without heart disease. The annual risk of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation is 3% to 5%, accounting for approximately 50% of thromboembolic strokes. Adults (≥40 years old) should have regular physical examinations for early detection of heart disease; patients diagnosed with heart disease should actively seek treatment from a specialist; for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation with warfarin is available in hospitals where available, but the international normalized ratio (INR) must be monitored and controlled in the range of 2.0 to 3.0; for those aged >75 years, an INR between 1.6 and 2.5 is appropriate; or Oral aspirin 50 to 300 mg/d, or other antiplatelet aggregation drugs. Patients at high risk of coronary artery disease should also take small doses of aspirin 50 to 150 mg/d, or other anti-platelet aggregation drugs. 3. Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. Patients with type II diabetes mellitus have a 2-fold increased risk of stroke. People with risk factors for cardiovascular disease should have regular blood glucose testing and, if necessary, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycated plasma albumin measured. Diabetic patients should first control their diet and strengthen physical exercise. Those whose blood glucose control is still unsatisfactory in 2 to 3 months should be treated with oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin. 4. Dyslipidemia A large number of studies have confirmed that elevated serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are closely related to cardiovascular disease. People with dyslipidemia, especially in combination with other risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and smoking, should first change their unhealthy lifestyles and have their blood lipids reviewed regularly. If lifestyle changes are not effective, drug therapy should be used. 5. Smoking is a recognized risk factor for ischemic stroke. Its pathophysiological effect on the body is multifaceted, mainly affecting the systemic vascular and blood system, such as: accelerating atherosclerosis, increasing fibrinogen levels, promoting platelet aggregation, and reducing HDL levels. Long-term passive smoking can also increase the risk of stroke. Smokers should be advised to quit smoking. 6. Alcohol consumption Evidence from population studies has shown that alcohol intake has a direct dose-related effect on hemorrhagic stroke. However, the relevance for ischemic stroke is still controversial. Small amounts of alcohol are not advocated for non-drinkers to prevent cardiovascular disease; pregnant women should avoid alcohol even more. Alcohol consumption must be moderate and not excessive; the daily alcohol content should not exceed 20-30g for men and 15-20g for women. 7. Carotid artery stenosis Some foreign studies found that 7%-10% of men and 5%-7% of women aged 65 years or older had carotid artery stenosis greater than 50%. For patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis, surgical treatment or endovascular intervention is generally not recommended, and antiplatelet agents such as aspirin or statins are preferred. For patients with severe carotid artery stenosis (>70%), carotid endarterectomy or endovascular intervention can be considered where available. 8, obesity Domestic prospective studies on 10 populations show that the relative risk of ischemic stroke in obese people is 2.2. Several large studies in recent years have shown that abdominal obesity is more closely related to stroke than increased body mass index (BMI) or homogeneous obesity. Overweight and obese individuals should reduce their weight by adopting a healthy lifestyle and increasing physical activity to reduce the risk of stroke onset. 9. Other risk factors Interventions for transient ischemic attack, hyperhomocysteinemia; metabolic syndrome; lack of physical activity; poor diet and nutrition; oral contraceptives; procoagulant risk factors.