Uremia is the end-stage of chronic renal failure. What treatments are available to a patient who has reached the stage of uremia? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of these treatments? Kidney transplantation, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are the three treatments that have been commonly carried out in clinical practice: 1. Kidney transplantation A healthy kidney donated by another person is “planted” in the patient’s body so that this kidney can work in the patient’s body to replace the kidney that is no longer working properly. This is undoubtedly the most effective and preferred treatment for UTI. Advantages: It is a near “once and for all” treatment, after the operation, the patient can work and live like a normal person when the transplanted kidney is working normally. Disadvantages: the anesthesia and surgery-related risks associated with kidney transplantation; the need to take long-term immunosuppressive drugs after surgery, resulting in a higher incidence of infections, tumors, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other diseases than normal people; the risk of rejection of the transplanted kidney and the gradual decline in the function of the transplanted kidney. 2.Hemodialysis The patient’s blood is introduced into the dialysis machine through vascular access, and the “toxins” in the blood are cleared in the dialysis machine, and then the purified blood is returned to the patient’s body. Some patients can survive for 10-20 years or more if they are on dialysis for a long time. Advantages: No major surgical procedures are required, and the toxins and metabolites can be removed from the body on a regular basis to maintain survival. Disadvantages: requires the use of a hemodialysis machine and regular hospital visits several times a week; organs and tissues in the body are intermittently immersed in blood containing “toxins”, increasing the incidence of cardiovascular disease; the risk of contracting infectious diseases such as hepatitis B and C during the hemodialysis process is greatly increased; requires strict control of diet and water intake, and other medications to assist in the treatment; some toxins cannot be passed through the hemodialysis process. Some toxins cannot be removed through hemodialysis. 3.peritoneal dialysis A special liquid called “peritoneal dialysis fluid” is instilled into the abdominal cavity through a “peritoneal dialysis tube”, and toxins in the body enter the peritoneal dialysis fluid, and after a few hours, the “toxin” containing peritoneal dialysis fluid is removed from the abdominal cavity. After a few hours, the “toxin” containing peritoneal dialysis fluid is released from the peritoneal cavity, and then a new peritoneal dialysis fluid is filled in, and so on and so forth. Advantages: it can reduce the complications of dialysis due to the instability of the internal environment; less dietary restrictions, better nutritional status of patients, less impact on the growth and development of children; less chance of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B and C; dialysis can be performed at home in the evening and on weekends, without going to the hospital. Disadvantages: It requires the placement of a peritoneal dialysis tube in the abdominal cavity, which requires frequent replacement of the peritoneal dialysis fluid and is prone to infection, leading to peritonitis, which makes it impossible to continue peritoneal dialysis; the requirements for the patients themselves are relatively high, and the dialysis effect for most patients in China is worse than that of hemodialysis.