Kidney disease is an “invisible killer” that endangers human health. With the rapid development of clinical medicine, microscopy and immunofluorescence technology, the significance of renal puncture biopsy is no longer limited to the pathological diagnosis of kidney diseases, but also includes the investigation of the etiology of kidney diseases and the study of immunopathogenesis; it can be used to understand the disease activity and the degree of kidney damage, guide the formulation of reasonable treatment plans, observe the evolution of the disease and estimate the prognosis. Therefore, renal puncture biopsy has become an important technique indispensable for the further development of nephrology. Indications for renal biopsy include various primary and secondary renal diseases. Contraindications mainly include obvious bleeding tendency, isolated kidney, small kidney, renal tumor or renal artery aneurysm. It should be pointed out that some of the above contraindications can be corrected, and after correction, puncture is still appropriate, and each patient should be weighed in favor of creating conditions for a clear pathological diagnosis. Kidney biopsy takes very little tissue and basically does not cause kidney damage. However, because it is an invasive test, there will be certain risks. At present, nearly 300 kidney biopsies have been performed in our nephrology department, and the overall safety is high with no serious complications.